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DICTIONARY

OF

GREEK AND ROMAN

BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY.

VOL. I.

London :

Printed by A. Spottiswoodb, N ew- Street- Square.

DICTIONARY

OF

GREEK AND ROMAN

BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY.

EDITED BY

WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D.

EDITOR OF THE “ DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.”

ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.

IN THREE VOLUMES.

YOL. I.

ABAEUS — DYSPONTEUS.

LONDON:

TAYLOR AND WALTON, UPPER GOWER STREET; JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

M.DCCC.XLIY.

Histopi'caJ

W E D I Q * y

V ■

LIST OF WRITERS IN VOLUME I.

INITIALS.

A. A.

C. T. A.

J. E. B.

E. H. B.

A. J. C.

A. H. C.

G. E.L.C.

S. D.

W. F. D.

E. E.

W. A. G.

J. T. G.

A. G.

NAMES.

Alexander Allen, Ph. D.

Charles Thomas Arnold, M.A.

One of the Masters in Rugby School.

John Ernest Bode, M.A.

Student of Christ Church, Oxford.

Edward Herbert Bunbury, M.A.

Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Albany James Christie, M.A.

Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford.

Arthur Hugh Clough, M.A.

Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford.

George Edward Lynch Cotton, M.A.

Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; one of the Masters in Rugby School.

Samuel Davidson, LL.D.

William Fishburn Donkin, M.A.

Savilian Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford.

Edward Elder, M.A.

Head Master of Durham School.

William Alexander Greenhill, M.D.

Trinity College, Oxford.

John Thomas Graves, M.A., F.R.S.

Algernon Grenfell, M.A.

One of the Masters in Rugby School.

William Ihne, Ph. D.

Of the University of Bonn.

W. I.

vi

LIST OF WRITERS IN VOLUME I.

INITIALS.

B. J.

NAMES.

Benjamin Jowett, M.A. ,

Fellow and Tutor of Baliol College, Oxford.

H. G. L.

Henry George Liddell, M.A.

Student and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford.

J. M. M.

John Morell Mackenzie, M.A.

C. P. M.

Charles Peter Mason, B.A.

A. de M.

Augustus de Morgan,

Professor of Mathematics in University College, London.

W. P.

William Plate, LL.D.

C.E. P.

Constantine Estlin Prichard, B.A.

Fellow of Baliol College, Oxford.

W. R.

William Ramsay, M.A.

Professor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow.

L. S.

Leonhard Schmitz, Ph. D.

Late of the University of Bonn.

P. S.

Philip Smith, B.A.

A. P. S.

Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of University College, Oxford.

A. S.

Adolf Staiir,

Professor in the Gymnasium of Oldenburg.

L. U.

Ludwig Urlichs,.

Professor in the University of Bonn.

R. W.

Robert Whiston, M.A.

Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

The Articles which have no initials attached to them are written by the Editor.

PREFACE.

The present work has been conducted on the same principles, and is designed mainly for the use of the same persons, as the “ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.” It has been long felt by most persons engaged in the study of Antiquity, that something better is required than we yet possess in the English language for illustrating the Biography, Literature, and Mythology, of the Greek and Roman writers, and for enabling a diligent student to read them in the most profitable manner. The writings of modern continental philologists, as well as the works of some of our own scholars, have cleared up many of the difficulties connected with these subjects, and enabled us to attain to more correct knowledge and more comprehensive views than were formerly possessed. The articles in this Dictionary have been founded on a careful examination of the original sources ; the best modern authorities have been diligently consulted ; and no labour has been spared in order to bring up the subject to the present state of philological learning upon the continent as well as at home.

A work, like the present, embracing the whole circle of ancient history and literature for upwards of two thousand years, would be the labour of at least one man’s life, and could not in any case be written satisfactorily by a single individual, as no one man possesses the requisite knowledge of all the sub¬ jects of which it treats. The lives, for instance, of the ancient mathema¬ ticians, jurists, and physicians, require in the person who writes them a competent knowledge of mathematics, law, and medicine ; and the same remark applies, to a greater or less extent, to the history of philosophy, the arts, and numerous other subjects. The Editor of the present work has been fortunate in obtaining the assistance of scholars, who had made certain departments of anti¬ quity their particular study, and he desires to take this opportunity of returning his best thanks to them for their valuable aid, by which he has been able to pro¬ duce a work which could not have been accomplished by any single person. The initials of each writer’s name are given at the end of the articles he has written, and a list of the names of the contributors is prefixed to the work.

The biographical articles in this work include the names of all persons of any importance which occur in the Greek and Roman writers, from the earliest times down to the extinction of the Western Empire in the year 476 of our era, and to the extinction of the Eastern Empire by the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in the year 1453. The lives of historical personages occurring in the history of the Byzantine empire are treated with comparative brevity, but accom-

Vlll

PREFACE.

panied by sufficient references to ancient writers to enable the reader to obtain further information if he wishes. It has not been thought advisable to omit the lives of such persons altogether, as has usually been done in classical dictiona¬ ries ; partly because there is no other period short of the one chosen at which a stop can conveniently be made ; and still more because the civil history of the Byzantine empire is more or less connected with the history of literature and science, and, down to the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, there was an interrupted series of Greek writers, the omission of whose lives and of an account of their works would be a serious deficiency in any work which aspired to give a complete view of Greek literature.

The relative length of the articles containing the lives of historical persons cannot be fixed, in a work like the present, simply by the importance of a man’s life. It would be impossible to give within any reasonable compass a full and elaborate account of the lives of the great actors in Greek and Roman history ; nor is it necessary : for the lives of such persons are conspicuous parts of history and, as such, are given at length in historical works. On the contrary, a Dic¬ tionary of Greek and Roman Biography is peculiarly useful for the lives of those persons who do not occupy so prominent a position in history, since a know¬ ledge of their actions and character is oftentimes of great importance to a proper understanding of the ancient writers, and information respecting such persons cannot be obtained in any other quarter. Accordingly, such articles have had a space assigned to them in the work which might have been deemed dispropor¬ tionate if it were not for this consideration. Woodcuts of ancient coins are given, wherever they could be referred to any individual or family. The draw¬ ings have been made from originals in the British Museum, except in a few cases, where the authority for the drawing is stated in the article.

More space, relatively, has been given to the Greek and Roman Writers than to any other articles, partly because we have no complete history of Greek and Roman Literature in the English language, and partly because the writings of modern German scholars contain on this subject more than on any other a store of valuable matter which has not yet found its way into English books, and has, hitherto, only partially and in a few instances, exercised any influence on our course of classical instruction. In these articles a full account of the Works, as well as of the Lives, of the Writers is given, and, likewise, a list of the best editions of the works, together with references to the principal modern works upon each subject.

The lives of all Christian Writers, though usually omitted in similar publi¬ cations, have likewise been inserted in the present Work, since they constitute an important part of the history of Greek and Roman literature, and an account of their biography and writings can be attained at present only by consulting a con¬ siderable number of voluminous works. These articles are written rather from a literary than a theological point of view; and accordingly the discussion of strictly

PREFACE.

IX

theological topics, such as the subjects might easily have given rise to, has been carefully avoided.

Care has been taken to separate the mythological articles from those of an historical nature, as a reference to any part of the book will shew. As it is neces¬ sary to discriminate between the Greek and Italian Mythology, an account of the Greek divinities is given under their Greek names, and of the Italian divinities under their Latin names, a practice which is universally adopted by the conti¬ nental writers, which has received the sanction of some of our own scholars, and is moreover of such importance in guarding against endless confusions and mistakes as to require no apology for its introduction into this work. In the treatment of the articles themselves, the mystical school of interpreters has been avoided, and those principles followed which have been developed by Voss, Buttmann, Welcker, K. 0. Muller, Lobeck, and others. Less space, relatively, has been given to these articles than to any other portion of the work, as it has not been considered necessary to repeat all the fanciful speculations which abound in the later Greek writers and in modern books upon this subject. g*

The lives of Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, have been treated at con¬ siderable length, and an account is given of all their works still extant, or of which there is any record in ancient writers. These articles, it is hoped, will be useful to the artist as well as to the scholar.

Some difficulty has been experienced respecting the admission or rejection of certain names, but the following is the general principle which has been adopted : The names of all persons are inserted, who are mentioned in more than one pas¬ sage of an ancient writer ; but where a name occurs in only a single passage, and nothing more is known of the person than that passage contains, that name is in general omitted. On the other hand, the names of such persons are inserted when they are intimately connected with some great historical event, or there are other persons of the same name with whom they might be confounded. But as it is useful for many purposes to have as complete a list as possible of all names of persons occurring in the Greek and Roman Writers, it is proposed to give, in an “ Onomasticon” at the end of the third volume, all such as have not been thought deserving of a place in the body of the work.

When there are several persons of the same name, the articles have been arranged either in chronological or some alphabetical order. The latter plan has been usually adopted where there are many persons of one name, as in the case of Alexander, Antiochus, and others, in which cases a chronological arrangement would stand in the way of ready reference to any particular indivi¬ dual whom the reader might be in search of. In the case of Roman names, the chronological order has, for obvious reasons, been always adopted, and they have been given under the cognomens, and not under the gentile names. There is, however, a separate article devoted to each gens, in which is inserted a list of all the cognomens of that gens.

a

X

PREFACE.

It was originally intended to complete the present work in one volume, like the “ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities ; ” but although all possible concise¬ ness has been studied, consistent with a proper treatment of each subject, it has been found impossible to confine it to the size originally contemplated, without sacrificing the value and usefulness of the work.

In a work written by several persons it is almost impossible to obtain exact uniformity of reference to the ancient Writers, but this has been done as far as was possible. Wherever an author is referred to by page, the particular edition used by the writer is generally stated ; but of the writers enumerated below, the following editions are always intended where no others are indicated : Plato, ed. H. Stephanus, 1578 ; Athenaeus, ed. Schweighauser, Argentorat. 1801-7; the Moralia of Plutarch, ed. Francof. 1620; Strabo, ed. Casaubon, Paris. 1620; Demosthenes, ed. Reiske, Lips. 1770 ; the other Attic Orators, ed. H. Stephanus, Paris, 1575 ; the Latin Grammarians, ed. H. Putschius, Hanov. 1605 ; Hippocrates, ed. Kiihn, Lips. 1825-7 ; Erotianus, ed. Franz, Lips. 1780; Dioscorides, ed. Sprengel, Lips. 1829-30; Aretaeus, ed. Kiihn, Lips. 1828 ; Rufus Ephesius, ed. Clinch, Lond. 1726; Soranus, ed. Dietz, Regim. Pruss. 1838 ; Galen, ed. Kiihn, Lips. 1821-33; Oribasius, Aetius, Alexander Trallianus, Paulus Aegineta, Celsus, ed. H. Stephanus, among the Medicae Artis Principes, Paris, 1567 ; Caelius Aurelianus, ed. Amman, Amstel. 4to. 1709.

Names of Places and Nations are not included in the Work, as they will form the subject of the forthcoming " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.”

WILLIAM SMITH.

London, October, ] 844.

LIST OF COINS ENGRAVED IN THE FIRST VOLUME.

In the following list AV indicates that the coin is of gold, At of silver, AL of copper, 1A3 first bronze Roman, 2A3 second bronze Roman, 3 A3 third bronze Roman. The weight of all gold and silver coins is given, with the exception of the aurei and denarii, which are for the most part of nearly the same weight respectively. When a coin has been reduced or enlarged in the drawing, the diameter of the original coin is given in the last column, the numbers in which refer to the subjoined scale : those which have no numbers affixed to them are of the same size in the drawing as the originals.

to

CO

O*

Ci

<1

CO

CD

►— <

*—

*-*

>— *

to

o

to

CO

Cn

Ci

<1

CO

CO

o

Page.

Column.

Coin

Metal.

Weight

in

Grains.

q;

n

7}

Page*

Column.

Coin.

Metal.

Weight

in

Grains.

30

2

Aemilianus .

1A3

199

1

Antiochus VIT .

At

2514

80

1

Affrinna .

2 A3

2

Antiochus VTTT .

At

255

81

1

Agrippina I .

At

Antiochus TX .

At

245

82

1

Agrippina II .

At

200

1

Antiochus X .

At

242

83

2

Aha, la .

At

Antiochus XT .

At

2504

86

1

Ahenobarbus .

At

2

Antiochus XTT .

JE

90

2

Albinus .

At

11

11

Antiochus XIII. . . .

JE

93

1

Do .

At

210

1

Antonia .

At

11

11

Do .

At

212

2

Antoninus Pius ....

1 JE

94

1

Do. (Emperor.) . .

1JE

216

1

M. Antonius : .

At

185

114

2

Alexander Balas, king of

11

2

C. Antonius .

At

Svria .

At

2211

81

217

1

Ti. Antonius .

At

116

1

Alexander I., king of

253

1

Julia Aquilia Severa . .

1 JE

Epeirus .

AV

257

2

Arcndius .

AV

11

2

Alexander II., king of

263

2

Archelaus .

At

55

Epeirus .

At

2404

71

278

1

Aretas .

JE

118

2

Alexander I,, king of

284

2

Ariarathes IV .

At

61

Macedonia .

At

4424

94

2

Ariarathes V .

At

664

119

1

Alexander II., king of

285

1

Ariarathes VI .

At

63

Macedonia .

JE

1

Ariarathes VTT .

At

63

122

1

Alexander III. (the

286

2

Ariobarzanes I .

At

604

Great), king of Mace-

287

1

Ariobarzanes III. . . .

At

60|

donia . . .

At

2

350

2

Arrius .

At

126

2

Alexander (Roman em-

354

2

Arsaces III .

At

514

peror) .

22E

2

Arsaces V. .

At

60

128

1

Alexander Zebina, king

355

1

Arsaces VI .

At

241

of Syria .

At

254

9

Arsaces VII. ......

At

60

132

1

Allectus .

AV

356

2

Arsaces XTV .

At

143

137

2

Amastris .

At

143|

360

1

Arsaces XXVIII. . . .

At

1844

155

1

Amyntas, king of Mace-

367

1

Arsinoe .

AV

4254

donia .

At

1604

2

Do .

AV

156

1

Amyntas, king of Galatia

JE

11

405

1

Atilius .

At

JL

180

2

Annius .

At

V

412

1

Attains .

AV

188

2

Antigonus, king of Asia

At

264

9

418

1

Audoleon .

At

190

189

2

Antigonus Gonatas . .

At

61

420

1

Augurinus .

At

192

1

Antinous .

JE

11

431

1

Augustus .

At

194

2

Antiochus, king of Com-

435

2

Avitus .........

AV

maaene .

JE

438

1

Aurelianus .

AV

11

11

Antiochus Hierax . . .

At

262§

HO"

CO

443

1

Aurelius .

liE

196

1

Antiochus I., king of

455

1

Balbinus .

At

1

Syria .

At

265

9

11

1

Balbus, Acilius ....

At

11

2

Antiochus II. .....

At

253

81

11

2

Balbus, Antonius . . .

At

197

2

Antiochus III .

At

263

84

Balbus, Atius .

A3

198|

1

Antiochus IV .

At

249

2

9

456

2

Balbus, Cornelius . . .

JE

11 1

2

Antiochus V . |

At

239

7

457

2

Balbus, Naevius ....

At

199

1

Antiochus VI. . j

At

250 1

n

458

1

Balbus, Thorius ....

At

Xll

LIST OF COINS

Page.

Column.

Coin.

Metal.

Weight

in

Grains.

CJ

N

55

Page.

Column.

Coin.

Metal.

Weight

in

Grains.

6

N

55

482

2

Berenice .

JR

107

805

2

Cloelius . .

JR

59

95

Do .

JR

326

9

807

2

Cluvius . . .

2JE

492

2

Blasio .

JR

810

1

Codes .

JR

505

2

Brita.nnicns .

JE

819

2

Commodus . . .

AV

506

2

Brocchus .

JR

828

1

Constans .

AV

512

1

Brutus .

JR

831

2

Constantinus, the tyrant

AV

516

1

Buca .

JR

837

1

Constantinus I. (the

95

2

Do .

JR

Great) .

AV

518

1

Bnrsio .

JR

2

Constantinus IT .

JR

539

2

Caesar, Sex. Julius . .

JR

846

2

Constantius I .

JR

555

2

Caesar, C. Julius . . .

JR

848

2

Constantius II .

JR

Do. .......

JR

849

1

Constantius III .

3 JE

556

1

C. and L. Caesar . . .

850

1

Coponius .

JR

557

1

Caesius .

JR

852

1

Cordus .

JR

561

2

Caldus .

JR

858

1

Comificius .

JR

563

2

Calidius .

JR

863

2

Cosconius .

JR

565

2

Caligula .

JR

868

2

Cotta .

JR

602

2

Capito, Fonteius ....

JR

59

59

Do .

JR

95

55

Do. .

JR

870

2

Cotys .

AV

119

603

1

Capito, Marius .

JR

871

2

Crassipes .

JR

604

1

Capitolinus, Petillius .

JR

882

1

Crassus .

JR

610

2

Carausius .

JR

891

1

Crispina .

JR

613

1

Carinus .

JR

892

1

Crispus .

AV

2

Carisius .

JR

895

2

Critonins .

JR

59

Do .

JR

946

2

Decent! us .

2 JE

617

1

Carvilius .

JR

949

1

Decins .

\M

2

Carus .

JR

955

1

Deiotarus .

JE

618

1

Casca .

JR

956

2

Delmatius .

3 JE

621

1

Cassander . .

JE

965

1

Demetrius I., king of

650

2

Cato .

JR

Macedonia .

JR

261

9

59

95

Do .

JR

55

2

Demetrius II., king of

663

2

Celsus .

JR

Macedonia .

JE

99

59

Do .

JR

967

1

Demetrius I., king of

665

1

Censorinus .

2 JE

Svria .

JR

262

9

55

55

Do .

2 JE

55

2

Demetrius II., king of

55

55

Do .

JR

Syria .

JR

260

8|

59

95

Do .

JR

968

1

Demetrius III., king of

55

2

Do .

JR

Syria .

JE

►

672

1

Cerco .

JR

996

2

Diadumenianus ....

JR

9

675

1

Cestius .

AV

1004

2

Didius .

JR

748

2

Cilo or Chilo .

JR

1014

Dioclet.ianns ....

/R

755

1

Cinna .

1 JE

1033

1

Dionysius, of Heracleia

JR

148

4

757

2

Cipius .

JR

1037

2

Dionysius II., of Syra-

760

2

Clara, Didia .

JR

CllSft . ,

Al

°63i

775

1

Claudius .

JR

1061

1

Domitia .

JR

777

1

Claudius (emperor). 1st

1062

2

Domitianus .

JR

coin .

JR

1063

1

Domitilla .

JR

55

99

Do. 2nd coin .

JE

1064

1

Domna Julia .

JR

99

2

Claudius II .

JE

1071

2

Dossenus .

JR

800

1

Cleopatra, wife of An-

1086

1

Drusus .

2 JE

tiochus .

JR

199

9

1087

2

Drusus, Nero Claudius

JR

802

2

Cleopatra, queen of

1092

2

Durmius .

JR

Egypt .

JR

51

1

55

95

Do. .

JR

55

55

Cleopatra, wife of Juba

JR

50i

55

55

Do,. .

JR

A DICTIONARY

OF

GREEK AND R O'M A N BIOGRAPHY

AND

MYTHOLOGY.

ABARIS.

A^AEUS (’A €cuos), a surname of Apollo de¬ rived from the town of Abae in Phocis, where the god had a rich temple. (Hesych. s. vfAgcu ; Herod, viii. 33 ; Paus. x. 35. § 1, &c.) [L. S.]

ABAMMON MAGISTER. [Porphyrius.] ABANTI'ADES (’A Savnabys) signifies in general a descendant of Abas, but is used especi¬ ally to designate Perseus, the great-grandson of Abas (Ov. Met. iv. 673, v. 138, 236), and Acrisius, a son of Abas. (Ov. Met. iv. 607.) A female descendant of Abas, as Danae and Atalante, was called Abantias. [L. S.]

ABA'NTIAS. [Abantiades.] ABA'NTIDAS (’A gaimSas), the son of Paseas, became tyrant of Sicyon after murdering Cleinias, the father of Aratus, b. c. 264. Aratus, who was then only seven years old, narrowly escaped death. Abantidas was fond of literature, and was accus¬ tomed to attend the philosophical discussions of Deinias and Aristotle, the dialectician, in the agora of Sicyon : on one of these occasions he was mur¬ dered by his enemies. He was succeeded in the tyranny by his father, who was put to death by Nicocles. (Plut. Arat. 2. 3 ; Paus. ii. 8. § 2.)

ABARBA'REA (’ A§ap§ap€y), a Naiad, who bore two sons, Aesepus and Pedasus, to Bucolion, the eldest but illegitimate son of the Trojan King Laomedon. (Horn. II. vi. 22, &c.) Other writers do not mention this nymph, but Hesychius (s. v.) mentions ’A§ap§apecu or 'A§ap€aAa?cu as the name of a class of nymphs. [L. S.]

A BARIS ( JA§apLS ), son of Seuthes, was a Hyperborean priest of Apollo (Herod, iv. 36), and came from the country about the Caucasus (Ov. Met v. 86) to Greece, while his own country was visited by a plague. He was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and by this as well as by his Scythian dress and simplicity and honesty he created great sensation in Greece, and was held in high esteem. (Strab. vii. p. 301.) He travelled about m Greece, carrying with him an arrow as the symbol of Apollo, and gave oracles. Toland, in his History of the Druids, considers him to have been a Druid of the Hebrides, because the arrow formed a part of the costume of a Druid. His history, which is entirely mythical, is related in various ways, and worked up with extraordinary

ABAS.

particulars : he is said to have taken no earthly food (Herod, iv. 36), and to have ridden on his arrow, the gift of Apollo, through the air. (Lobeck, Aglaophamus , p. 314.) He cured diseases by in¬ cantations (Plat. Charmid. p.158, b.), delivered the world from a plague (Suidas, s. v. ’'A gapis), and built at Sparta a temple of Kopy awreipa. (Paus. iii. 13. § 2.) Suidas and Eudocia ascribe to him several works, such as incantations, Scythian oracles, a poem on the marriage of the river Hebrus, expiatory formulas, the arrival of Apollo among the Hyperboreans, and a prose work on the origin of the gods. But such works, if they were really current in ancient times, were no more genuine than his reputed correspondence with Phalaris the tyrant. The time of his appearance in Greece is stated differently, some fixing it in 01. 3, others in 01. 21, and others again make him a contemporary of Croesus. (Bentley, On the Epist. of Phalaris , p. 34.) Lobeck places it about the year b. c. 570, i. e. about 01. 52. Respecting the perplexing traditions about Abaris see Klopfer, Mythologisches Worterbuch, i. p. 2 ; Zapf, Disputa- tio historica de Abaride , Lips. 1707 ; Larcher, on Herod, vol. iii. p. 446. [L. S.]

ABAS (’'A gas). 1. A son of Metaneira, was changed by Demeter into a lizard, because he mocked the goddess when she had come on her wanderings into the house of her mother, and drank eagerly to quench her thirst. (Nicander, Theriaca ; Natal. Com. v. 14; Ov. Met. v. 450.) Other traditions relate the same story of a boy, Ascalabus, and call his mother Misme. (Antonin. Lib. 23.)

2. The twelfth King of Argos. He was the son of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, and grand¬ son of Danaus. He married Ocaleia, who bore him twin sons, Acrisius and Proetus. (Apollod. ii. 2. § 1 ; Hygin. Fab. 170.) When he informed his father of the death of Danaus, he was re¬ warded with the shield of his grandfather, which was sacred to Hera. He is described as a successful conqueror and as the founder of the town of Abae in Phocis (Paus. x. 35. § 1), and of the Pelasgic Argos in Thessaly. (Strab. ix. p. 431.) The fame of his warlike spirit was so great, that even after his death, when people

B

2 ABELLIO.

revolted, whom he had subdued, they were put to flight by the simple act of showing them his shield. (Vir g.Aen. iii. 286 ; Serv. ad loc.) It was from this Abas that the kings of Argos were called by the patronymic Abantiads. [Abantiades.]

[L. S.]

ABAS (’A.gas). 1. A Greek sophist and

rhetorician about whose life nothing is known. Suidas (s. v. VA €as : compare Eudocia, p. 51) ascribes to him laropiKa dirop.vrip.aTa and a work on rhetoric (rexvrj pyTopacr)). What Photius (Cod. 190. p. 150, b. ed. Bekker) quotes from him, belongs probably to the former work. (Compare Walz, Rhetor. Grace, vii. 1. p. 203.)

2. A writer of a wrork called Troica, from which Servius (ad Aen. ix. 264) has preserved a frag¬ ment. [L. S.]

ABASCANTUS (’ Agda Karros), a physician of Lugdunum (Lyons), who probably lived in the second century after Christ. He is several times mentioned by Galen (De Compos. Medicam. secund. Locos, ix. 4. vol. xiii. p. 278), who has also preserved an antidote invented by him against the bite of serpents. (De Antid. ii. 12. vol. xiv. p. 177.) The name is to be met with in numerous Latin in¬ scriptions in Gruter’s collection, five of which refer to a freedman of Augustus, who is supposed by Kiihn (Additam. ad Elench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Fabricio in “ Bibl. Gr .” Exhib.) to be the same person that is mentioned by Galen. This however is quite uncertain, as also whether UapaKAririos 'AgdauavQos in Galen (De Compos. Medicam. secund. Locos, vii. 3. vol. xiii. p. 71) refers to the subject of this article. [ W. A. G.]

ABDOLO'NIMUS or ABDALO'NIMUS, a gardener, but of royal descent, was made king of Sidon by Alexander the Great. (Curt. iv. 1; Just, xi. 10.) He is called Ballonymus by Diodorus, (xvii. 46.)

ABDE/RUS (* ASorjpos ), a son of Hermes, or according to others of Thromius the Locrian. (Apol- lod. ii. 5. § 8; Strab.vii.p. 331.) He was a favourite of Heracles, and was tom to pieces by the mares of Diomedes, which Heracles had given him to pursue the Bistones. Heracles is said to have built the town of Abdera to honour him. Accord¬ ing to Hyginus, (Fab. 30,) Abderus was a servant of Diomedes, the king of the Thracian Bistones, and was killed by Heracles together with his master and his four men-devouring horses. (Com¬ pare Philostrat. Heroic. 3. § 1 ; 19. § 2.) [L. S.]

ABDIAS (’A§5ias), the pretended author of an A pocryphal book, entitled The History of the Apo¬ stolical contest. This work claims to have been written in Hebrew, to have been translated into Greek by Eutropius, and thence into Latin by Julius Afri- canus. It was however originally written in Latin, about a. i). 910. It is printed in Fabricius, Codex Apocryphus Novi Test. p. 402. 8vo. Hamb. 1703. Abdias was called too the first Bishop of Babylon. * [A. J. C.]

ABE'LLIO, is the name of a divinity found in inscriptions which were discovered at Comminges in France. (Gruter, Inscr. p. 37, 4 ; J. Scaliger, Lectiones A usonianae, i. 9.) Buttmann ( Mythologus , i. p. 167, &c.) considers Abellio to be the same name as Apollo, who in Crete and elsewhere was called ’A gtKios, and by the Italians and some Do¬ rians Apello (Fest. s. v. ApeUinem; Eustath. ad LI. ii. 99), and that the deity is the same as the < iallic Apollo mentioned by Caesar (Bell. Gall. vi.

ABISARES.

17), and also the same as Belis or Belenus men¬ tioned by Tertullian (Apologet. 23) and Herodian (viii. 3; comp. Capitol. Maximin. 22). As the root of the word he recognises the Spartan BeAa, i.e. the sun (Hesych. s. v.), which appears in the Syriac and Chaldaic Belus or Baal. [L. S.] “ABE'RCIUS, ST. (’A SepKLOs), the supposed successor of St. Papias in the feee of Hierapolis, flourished A. v. 150. There are ascribed to him,

1. An Epistle to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius , of which Baronius speaks as extant, but he does not produce it ; and, 2. A Book of Discipline (f3l§Aos SibaaKaXias) addressed to his Clergy ; this too is lost. See lllustr. Eccles. Orient. Script. Vitae , a P. Halloix. Duac. 1636. [A. J. C.]

A'BGARUS, A'CBARUS, or AU'GARUS ( vA€yapos, ’A K§apos, A vyapos), a name common to many rulers of Edessa, the capital of the district of Osrhoene in Mesopotamia. It seems to have been a title and not a proper name. (Procop. Bell. Pers. ii. 12.) For the history of these kings see Bayer, “ Historia Osrhoena et Edessena ex nummis illustrata,” Petrop. 1734. Of these the most important are :

1. The ally of the Romans under Pompey, who treacherously drew Crassus into an unfavorable position before his defeat. He is called Augarus by Dion Cassius (xl. 20), Acbarus the phylarch of the Arabians in the Parthian history ascribed to Appian (p. 34. Schw.), and Ariamnes by Plu¬ tarch. (Crass. 21.)

2. The contemporary of Christ. See the follow¬ ing article.

3. The chief, who resisted Meherdates, whom Claudius wished to place on the Parthian throne : he is called a king of the Arabians by Tacitus (Ann. xii. 12. 14), but was probably an Osrhoenian.

4. The contemporary of Trajan, who sent pre¬ sents to that emperor when he invaded the east, and subsequently waited upon him and became his ally. (Dion Cass, lxviii. 18. 21.)

5. The contemporary of Caracalla, who acted cruelly towards his nation, and was deposed by Caracalla. (Dion Cass, lxxvii. 12.)

A'BGARUS, Toparch of Edessa, supposed by Eusebius to have been the author of a letter written to our Saviour, which he found in a church at Edessa and translated from the Syriac. The letter is believed to be spurious. It is given by Eusebius. (Hist. Eccl. i. 13.) [A. J. C.]

A'BIA (’A€i a), the nurse of Hyllus, a son of Heracles. She built a temple of Heracles at Ira in Messenia, for which the Heraclid Cresphontes afterwards honoured her in various other ways, and also by changing the name of the town of Ira into Abia. (Paus. iv. 30. § 1.) [L. S.]

ABELOX, ABELUX or ABILYX (’ASiAvt), a noble Spaniard, originally a friend of Carthage, betrayed the Spanish hostages at Saguntum, who were in the power of the Carthaginians, to the Roman generals, the two Scipios, after deceiving Bostar, the Carthaginian commander. (Liv. xxii. 22 ; Polyb. iii. 98, &c.)

ABI'SARES or ABI'SSARES ('A§ardpVs), called Lmbisarus (’E pSiaapos) by Diodorus (xvii. 90), an Indian king beyond the river Hydaspes, whose territory lay in the mountains, sent embas¬ sies to Alexander the Great both before and after the conquest of Porus, although inclined to espouse j the side of the latter. Alexander not only allowed I him to retain his kingdom, but increased it, and

ABROCOMAS.

on his death appointed his son as his successor. (Arrian, Anab. v. 8. 20. 29 ; Curt. viii. 12. 13. 14. ix. 1. x. 1.)

ABI'STAMENES was appointed governor of Cappadocia by Alexander the Great. (Curt. iii. 4.) He is called Sabictas by Arrian. {Anab. ii. 4.) Gronovius conjectures that instead of Abistamene Cappadocia# praeposito , we ought to read Abicta magnae Cappadociae , S(c.

ABITIA'NUS (’A SiT^iavSs), the author of a Greek treatise De Urinis inserted in the second volume of Ideler’s Physici et Medici Graeci Mi- nores, Berol. 8vo. 1842, with the title Hep! Ovpoov IT paygareia 'Apiarg t ov 'Socpcordrov tt apa geu ’Ivdois ''AW g ''Eg-rrui t ov rjroi ''AWg vlov tov

2iva, vapa 8e ’I ra\o?s ’AgiT^iavov. He is the same person as the celebrated Arabic physician Avicenna, whose real name was Abu 'Alt Ibn Sind, A. h. 370 or 375—428 (a. d. 980 or 985—1037), and from whose great work Ketdb al-Kanun ft 't- Tebb ,

Liber Canonis Medicinae, this treatise is probably

translated. [W. A. G.]

ABLA'BIUS (’AgAa&os). 1. A physician on whose death there is an epigram by Theosebia in the Greek Anthology (vii. 559), in which he is considered as inferior only to Hippocrates and Galen. With respect to his date, it is only known that he must have lived after Galen, that is, some time later than the second century after Christ. [W. A. G.]

2. The illustrious (’ IWovcrrpios ), the author of an epigram in the Greek Anthology (ix. 762) “on the quoit of Asclepiades.” Nothing more is known of him, unless he be the same person as Ablabius, the Novatian bishop of Nicaea, who was a disciple of the rhetorician Troilus, and himself eminent in the same profession, and who lived under Ho- norius and Theodosius II., at the end of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth centuries after Christ. (Socrates, Hist. Ecc. vii. 12.) [P. S.]

ABLA'VIUS. 1. Prefect of the city, the mi¬ nister and favourite of Constantine the Great, was murdered after the death of the latter. (Zosimus, ii. 40.) He was consul a. d. 331. There is an epigram extant attributed to him, in which the reigns of Nero and Constantine are compared. (Anth. Lat. n. 261, ed. Meyer.)

2. A Roman historian, whose age is unknown,

I wrote a history of the Goths, which is some¬ times quoted by Jornandes as his authority. {De Reb. Getic. iv. 14. 23.)

ABRADA'TAS (’A gpabdras), a king of Susa and an ally of the Assyrians against Cyrus. His wife Pantheia was taken on the conquest of the Assyrian camp, while he was absent on a mission to the Bactrians. In consequence of the honora- i ble treatment which his wife received from Cyrus, he joined the latter with his forces. He fell in battle, while fighting against the Egyptians. In¬ consolable at her loss, Pantheia put an end to her

I own life, and her example was followed by her three eunuchs. Cyrus had a high mound raised in their honour : on a pillar on the top were inscribed the names of Abradatas and Pantheia in the Syriac characters ; and three columns below bore the in¬ scription (tk'qtttovx^v, in honour of the eunuchs.

( (Xen. Cyr. v. 1. § 3, vi. 1. § 31, &c. 4. § 2, &c. vii. ;! 3. § 2, &c.; Lucian. Imag. 20.)

■j ABRETTE'NUS (’ASpeT'T^j'ds), a surname of :J Zeus in Mysia. (Strab. xii. p.574.) [L. S.]

ABRO'COMAS (’A Spoudgas), one of the satraps

ABSYRTUS. 3

of Artaxerxes Mnemon, was sent with an army of 300,000 men to oppose Cyrus on his march into upper Asia. On the arrival of Cyrus at Tarsus, Abrocomas was said to be on the Euphrates ; and at Issus four hundred heavy-armed Greeks, who had deserted Abrocomas, joined Cyrus. Abrocomas did not defend the Syrian passes, as was expected, but marched to join the king. He burnt some boats to prevent Cyrus from crossing the Euphrates, but did not arrive in time for the battle of Cunaxa. (Xen. Anab. i. 3. § 20, 4. § 3, 5, 18, 7. § 12; Harpocrat. and Suidas, s. v .)

ABRO'COMES (’ Agpouoggs) and his brother Hyperanthes {'TireparGgs), the sons of Darius by Phratagune, the daughter of Artanes, were slain at Thermopylae while fighting over the body of Leo¬ nidas. (Herod, vii. 224.)

ABRON or HABRON {"Agpwv or "A Speer). 1. Son of the Attic orator Lycurgus. (Plut. Vit. dec. Orat. p. 843.)

2. The son of Callias, of the deme of Bate in Attica, wrote on the festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Barg.) He also wrote a work 7r epl Trapoovvguv, which is frequently referred to by Stephanus Byz. {s.v. ' A-ydQg," Ap’yos,&.c.)a\\d other writers.

3. A grammarian, a Phrygian or Rhodian, a pupil of Tryphon, and originally a slave, taught at Rome under the first Caesars. (Suidas, s. v. ’'Agpouv.)

4. A rich person at Argos, from whom the pro¬ verb VA gpwvos fiios, which was applied to extrava¬ gant persons, is said to have been derived. (Sui¬ das, s. v.)

ABRO'NIUS SILO, a Latin Poet, who lived in the latter part of the Augustan age, was a pupil of Porcius Latro. His son was also a poet, but degraded himself by writing plays for pantomimes. (Senec. Sms. ii. p. 21. Bip.)

ABRO'NYCHUS (’A fipwwxos), the son of Lysicles, an Athenian, was stationed at Thermopy¬ lae with a vessel to communicate between Leonidas and the fleet at Artemisium. He was subse¬ quently sent as ambassador to Sparta with The- mistocles and Aristeides respecting the fortifications of Athens after the Persian war. (Herod, viii. 21 ; Thuc. i. 91.)

ABRO'TA {’Agpoorg), the daughter of On- chestus, the Boeotian, and the wife of Nisus, king of Megaris. On her death Nisus commanded all the Megarian women to wear a garment of the same kind as Abrota had worn, which was called aphabroma {acpdSpocga), and was still in use in the time of Plutarch. ( Quaest . Graec. p. 295, a.)

ABRO'TONUM ( ’ Agpdrovov ), a Thracian harlot, who according to some accounts was the mother of Themistocles. There is an epigram pre¬ served recording this fact. (Plut. Them. 1 ; Athen. xiii. p. 576, c.; Aelian, V. IT. xii. 43.) Plutarch also refers to her in his 'EpooriKos (p. 753, d.); and Lucian speaks of a harlot of the same name {Dial. Meretr. 1).

ABRU'POLIS, an ally of the Romans, who attacked the dominions of Perseus, and laid them waste as far as Amphipolis, but was afterwards driven out of his kingdom by Perseus. (Liv xlii. 13. 30. 41.)

ABSEUS. [Gigantes.]

ABSIMARUS. [Tiberius Absimarus.I ABSYRTUS or APSYRTUS fA ^vpros), a son of Aeetes, king of Colchis, and brother of Medeia. His mother is stated differently : Ifygi-

4 ACACALLIS.

mis {Fab. 13) calls her Ipsia, Apollodorus (i. 9. §23) Idyia, Apollonius (iii. 241) Asterodeia, and others Hecate, Neaera, or Eurylyte. (Schol. ad Apollon. 1. c .) When Medeia fled with Jason, she took her brother Absyrtus with her, and when she was nearly overtaken by her father, she mur¬ dered her brother, cut his body in pieces and strewed them on the road, that her father might thus be detained by gathering the limbs of his child. Torni, the place where this horror was committed, was believed to have derived its name from Tepvw, “ cut.” (Apollod. i. 9. §24 ; Ov. Trist. iii. 9 ; compare Apollon, iv. 338, &c. 460, &e.) According to another tradition Absyrtus was not taken by Medeia, but was sent out by his father in pursuit of her. He overtook her in Corcyra, where she had been kindly received by king Alcinous, who refused to surrender her to Absyrtus. When he overtook her a second time in the island of Minerva, he was slain by Jason. (Hygin. Fab. 23.) A tradition followed by Pacuvius (Cic. denat. deor. iii. 19), Justin (xlii. 3), and Diodorus (iv. 45), called the son of Aeetes, who was murdered by Medeia, Aegialeus. [L. S.]

ABULI'TES (’ A/3ov\'itt)s), the satrap of Susi- ana, surrendered Susa to Alexander, when the latter approached the city. The satrapy was re¬ stored to him by Alexander, but he and his son Oxyathres were afterwards executed by Alexander for the crimes they had committed in the govern¬ ment of the satrapy. (Curt. v. 2 ; Arrian, Anab. iii. 16. vii. 4; Diod. xvii. 65.)

ABU'RIA GENS, plebeian. On the coins of this gens we find the cognomen Gem., which is perhaps an abbreviation of Geminus. The coins have no heads of persons on them.

1. C. Aburius was one of the ambassadors sent to Masinissa and the Carthaginians, b. c. 171. (Liv. xlii. 35.)

2. M. Aburius, tribune of the plebs, B. c. 187, opposed M. Fulvius the proconsul in his petition for a triumph, but withdrew his opposition chiefly through the influence of his colleague Ti. Gracchus. (Liv. xxxix. 4. 5.) He was praetor peregrinus, b. c. 176. (Liv. xli. 18. 19.)

ABURNUS VALENS. [Valens.]

ABYDE'NUS (’AySuSTjyfo), a Greek historian, who wrote a history of Assyria (’ Aa av piana). The time at which he lived is uncertain, but we know that he made use of the works of Megas- thenes and Berosus ; and Cyrillus (adv. Julian, pp. 8, 9) states, that he wrote in the Ionic dialect. Several fragments of his work are preserved by Eusebius, Cyrillus and Syncellus: it was particu¬ larly valuable for chronology. An important frag¬ ment, which clears up some difficulties in Assyrian history, has been discovered in the Armenian translation of the Chronicon of Eusebius. The fragments of his history have been published by Scaliger, “ De Emendatione Temporum,” and Richter, “ Berosi Chaldaeorum Historiae,” &c., Lips. 1825.

ACACALLIS (’A/ca/caAAis), daughter of Minos, by whom, according to a Cretan tradition, Hermes begot Cydon; while according to a tradition of the 1 egeatans, Cydon was a son of Tegeates, and im¬ migrated to Crete from Tegea. (Paus. viii. 53. §2.) Apollo begot by her a son Miletus, whom, for fear of her father, Acacallis exposed in a forest, where wolves watched and suckled the child, until he was found by shepherds who brought him up.

ACACIUS.

(Antonin. Lib. 30.) Other sons of her and Apollo are Amphithemis and Garamas. (Apollon, iv. 1490, &c.) Apollodorus (iii. 1. § 2) calls this daughter of Minos Acalle (’A/fctAA^), but does not mention Miletus as her son. Acacallis was in Crete a common name for a narcissus. (Athen. xv. p. 681 ; Hesych. s. u.) [L. S.]

ACA'CIUSCAfca/aos^a rhetorician, of Caesarea in Palestine, lived under the emperor Julian, and was a friend of Libanius. (Suidas, s. v. ’A fed/noy, Ai6<xvlos: Eunapius, A cadi Vit.) Many of the letters of Libanus are addressed to him. [B. J.]

2. A Syrian by birth, lived in a monastery near Antioch, and, for his active defence of the Church against Arianism, was made Bishop of Berrhoea, A. d. 378, by St. Eusebius of Samosata. While a priest, he (with Paul, another priest) wrote to St. Epiphanius a letter, in consequence of which the latter composed his Panarium (a. d. 374-6). This letter is prefixed to the work. In a. d. 377- 8, he was sent to Rome to confute Apollinaris be¬ fore Pope St. Damasus. He was present at the Oecumenical Council of Constantinople A. D. 381, and on the death of St. Meletius took part in Flavian’s ordination to the See of Antioch, by whom he was afterwards sent to the Pope in order to heal the schism between the churches of the West and Antioch. Afterwards, he took part in the persecution against St. Chrysostom (Socrates, Hist. Eccl. vi. 18), and again compromised himself by ordaining as successor to Flavian, Porphyrius, a man unworthy of the episcopate. He defended the heretic Nestorius against St. Cyril, though not himself present at the Coun¬ cil of Ephesus. At a great age, he laboured to re¬ concile St. Cyril and the Eastern Bishops at a Synod held at Berrhoea, a. d. 432. He died a. d. 437, at the age of 116 years. Three of his letters remain in the original Greek, one to St. Cyril, (extant in the Collection of Councils by Mansi, vol. iv. p. 1056,) and two to Alexander, Bishop of Hierapolis. (ibid. pp. 819, 830, c.41. 55. §129, 143.)

3. The One-eyed (o Movdcpda\/u.o$), the pupil and successor in the See of Caesarea of Eusebius a. d. 340, whose life he wrote. (Socrates, Hist. Eccl. ii. 4.) He was able, learned, and unscru¬ pulous. At first a Semi-Arian like his master, he founded afterwards the Homoean party and was condemned by the Semi-Arians at Seleucia, a. d. 359. (Socrates, Hist. Eccl. ii. 39. 40 ; Sozomen, Hist. Eccl. iv. 22. 23.) He subse¬ quently became the associate of Aetius [Aetius], I the author of the Anoinoeon, then deserted him at the command of Constantius, and, under the Catholic Jovian, subscribed the Homoousion or Creed of Nicaea. He died A. d. 366. He wrote seventeen Books on Ecclesiastes and six of Miscel¬ lanies. (St. Jerome, Vir. III. 98.) St. Epipha- I nius has preserved a fragment of his work against I Marcellus (c. Ilaer. 72), and nothing else of his i is extant, though Sozomen speaks of many valu- ; able works written by him. (Hist. Ecd. iii. 2.)

4. Bishop of Constantinople, succeeded Gen- | nadius a. d. 471, after being at the head of] the Orphan Asylum of that city. He distinguish- I ed himself by defending the Council of Chalcedon I against the emperor Basiliscus, who favoured the | Monophysite heresy. Through his exertions ZenoJ from whom Basiliscus had usurped the empire, wasd restored (a. d. 477), but the Monophy sites mean-]

ACAMAS.

while had gained so much strength that it was deemed advisable to issue a formula, conciliatory from its indefiniteness, called the Henoticon, a. d. 482. Acacius was led into other concessions, which drew upon him, on the accusation of John Talaia, against whom he supported the claims of Peter Mongus to the See of Alexandria, the anathema of Pope Felix II. a. d. 484. Peter Mongus had gained Acacius’s support by profess¬ ing assent to the canons of Chalcedon, though at heart a Monophysite. Acacius refused to give up Peter Mongus, but retained his see till his death, A. d. 488. There remain two letters of his, one to Pope Simplicius, in Latin (see Conciliorum Nova Collectio a Mansi, vol. vii. p. 982), the other to Peter Fullo, Archbishop of Antioch, in the original Greek. ( Ibid . p. 1121.)

5. Reader at (a. d. 390), then the Bishop of Melitene (a. d. 431). He wrote A. D. 431, against Nestorius. His zeal led him to use expressions, apparently savouring of the contrary heresy, which, for a time, prejudiced the em¬ peror Theodosius II. against St. Cyril. He was present at the Oecumenical Council of Ephesus a. d. 431, and constantly maintained its authority. There remain of his productions a Homily (in Greek) delivered at the Council, (see Conciliorum Nova Collectio a Mansi , vol. v. p. 181,) and a letter written after it to St. Cyril, which we have in a Latin translation. ( Ibid . pp. 860, 998.) [A. J. C.]

ACACE'SIUS (’A KaKricrios), a surname of Hermes (Callim. Hym. in Dian. 143), for which Homer (II. xvi. 185 ; Od. xxiv. 10) uses the form aicaK-riTa (dnaKprys). Some writers derive it from the Arcadian town of Acacesium, in which he was believed to have been brought up by king Acacus; others from Kanos, and assign to it the meaning : the god who cannot be hurt, or who does not hurt. The same attribute is also given to Prometheus (Hes. Theog. 614), whence it may be inferred that its meaning is that of benefactor or deliverer from evil. (Compare Spanh. ad Callim.

1. c.; Spitzner, ad II. xvi. 185.) [L. S.]

ACACE'TES. [Acacesius,]

A'CACUS ^Ananos), a son of Lycaon and king of Acacesium in Arcadia, of which he was believed to be the founder. (Paus. viii. 3. § 1 ; Steph. Byz. s. v. ’AKanlicnov.) [L. S.]

ACADE'MUS (’Andbriyos), an Attic hero, who, when Castor and Polydeuces invaded Attica to liberate their sister Helen, betrayed to them that she was kept concealed at Aphidnae. For this reason the Tyndarids always showed him much gratitude, and whenever the Lacedaemonians in¬ vaded Attica, they always spared the land belong¬ ing to Academus which lay on the Cephissus, six stadia from Athens. (Plut. Thes. 32 ; Diog. Laert.

iii. 1. § 9.) This piece of land was subsequently

adorned with plane and olive plantations (Plut. Cim. 13), and was called Academia from its original owner. [L. S.]

ACALLE. [Acacallis.]

A'CAMAS (’Andyas). 1. A son of Theseus and Phaedra, and brother of Demophoon. (Diod.

iv. 62.) Previous to the expedition of the Greeks against Troy, he and Diomedes were sent to de¬ mand the surrender of Helen (this message Homer ascribes to Menelaus and Odysseus, II. xi. 139, &c.), but during his stay at Troy he won the affection of Laodice, daughter of Priam (Parthen. Nic. Erot. 16), and begot by her a son, Munitus,

ACASTUS. 5

who was brought up by Aethra, the grandmother of Acamas. (Schol. ad Lycoplir. 499, &c.) Virgil (Aen. ii. 262) mentions him among the Greeks concealed in the wooden horse at the taking of Troy. On his return home he was detained in Thrace by his love for Phyllis ; but after leaving Thrace and arriving in the island of Cyprus, he was killed by a fall from his horse upon his own sword. (Schol. ad Lycoplir. 1. c.) The promontory of Acamas in Cyprus, the town of Acamentium in Phrygia, and the Attic tribe Acamantis, derived their names from him. (Steph. Byz. s. v. 'Anayav- r iov ; Paus. i. 5. § 2.) He was painted in the Lesche at Delphi by Polygnotus, and there was also a statue of him at Delphi. (Paus. x. 26. § 1, x. 10. § 1.)

2. A son of Antenor and Theano, was one of the bravest Trojans. (Horn, II. ii. 823, xii. 100.) He avenged the death of his brother, who had been killed by Ajax, by slaying Promachus the Boeotian. (II. xiv. 476.) He himself was slain by Meriones. (II. xvi. 342.)

3. A son of Eussorus, was one of the leaders

of the Thracians in the Trojan war (Horn. II. ii. 844, v. 462), and was slain by the Telamonian Ajax. (II. vi. 8.) [L. S.]

ACANTHUS C AnavQos), the Lacedaemonian, was victor in the 5 iau\os and the 8o\ixos in the Olympic games in 01. 15, (b. c. 720,) and accord¬ ing to some accounts was the first who ran naked in these games. (Paus. v. 8. § 3 ; Dionys. vii. 72 ; African, apud Euseb. p. 143.) Other accounts ascribe this to Orsippus the Megarian. [Orsip- pus.] Thucydides says that the Lacedaemonians were the first who contended naked in gymnastic games, (i. 6.)

ACARNAN (’A napvdv), one of the Epigones, was a son of Alcmaeon and Calirrhoe, and brother of Amphoterus. Their father was murdered by Phegeus, when they were yet very young, and Calirrhoe prayed to Zeus to make her sons grow quickly, that they might be able to avenge the death of their father. The prayer was granted, and Acarnan with his brother slew Phegeus, his wife, and his two sons. The inhabitants of Psophis, where the sons had been slain, pursued the murderers as far as Tegea, where however they were received and rescued. At the request of Achelous they carried the necklace and peplus of Harmonia to Delphi, and from thence they went to Epirus, where Acarnan founded the state called after him Acarnania. (Apollod. iii. 7. § 5 — 7 ; Ov. Met. ix. 413, &c. ; Thucyd. ii. 102; Strab. x. p. 462.) [L. S.]

ACASTUS (‘'A Katrros), a son of Pelias, kingo Iolcus, and of Anaxibia, or as others call her, Phi- lomache. He was one of the Argonauts (Apollod. i. 9. § 10; Apollon. Rhod. i. 224, &c.), and also took part in the Calydonian hunt. (Ov. Met. viii. 305, &c.) After the return of the Argonauts his sisters were seduced by Medeia to cut their father in pieces and boil them ; and Acastus, when he heard this, buried his father, drove Iason and Medeia, and according to Pausanias (vii. 11) his sisters also, from Iolcus, and instituted funeral games in honour of his father. (Hygin. Fab. 24 and 273 ; Apollod. i. 9. § 27, &c.; Paus. iii. 18. § 9, vi. 20. § 9, v. 17. § 4 ; Ov. Met. xi. 409, &c.) During these games it happened that Astydamia, the wife of Acastus, who is also called Hippolyte, fell in love with Peleus, whom Acastus had purified from the mur-

6 ACCA LAURENTIA.

der of Eurytion. When Peleus refused to listen to her addresses, she accused him to her husband of having attempted to dishonour her. (Apollod. iii. 13. § 2, &c. ; Pind. Nem. iv. 90, &c.) Acastus, however, did not take immediate revenge for the alleged crime, but after he and Peleus had been chasing on mount Pelion, and the latter had fallen asleep, Acastus took his sword from him, and left him alone and exposed, so that Peleus was nearly destroyed by the Centaurs. But he was saved by Cheiron or Hermes, returned to Acastus, and killed him together with his wife. (Apollod. 1. c .; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 224.) The death of Acastus is not mentioned by Apollodorus, but according to him Peleus in conjunction with Iason and the Dioscuri merely conquer and destroy Iolcus. (Apollod. iii. 13. § 7.) [L. S.]

ACBARUS. [Abgarus.]

ACCA LAURE'NTIA or LARE'NTIA, a mythical woman who occurs in the stories in early Roman history. Macrobius {Sat. i. 10), with whom Plutarch (Quaest. Rom. 35 ; Romul. 5) agrees in the main points, relates the following tradition about her. In the reign of Ancus Martius a servant ( aedituus ) of the temple of Hercules in¬ vited during the holidays the god to a game of dice, promising that if he should lose the game, he would treat the god with a repast and a beautiful woman. When the god had conquered the servant, the latter shut up Acca Laurentia, then the most beautiful and most notorious woman, together with a well stored table in the temple of Hercules, who, when she left the sanctuary, advised her to try to gain the affection of the first wealthy man she should meet. She succeeded in making Carutius, an Etruscan, or as Plutarch calls him, Tarrutius, love and marry her. After his death she inherited his large property, which, when she herself died, she left to the Roman people. Ancus, in gratitude for this, allowed her to be buried in the Velabrum, and instituted an annual festival, the Larentalia, at which sacrifices were offered to the Lares. (Comp. Yarr. Ling. Lat. v. p. 85, ed. Bip.) Ac¬ cording to others (Macer, apud Macrob. l.c . ; Ov. Fast. iii. 55, &c. ; Plin. H. N. xviii. 2), Acca Laurentia was the wife of the shepherd Faustulus and the nurse of Romulus and Remus after they had been taken from the she-wolf. Plutarch in¬ deed states, that this Laurentia was altogether a different being from the one occurring in the reign of Ancus ; but other writers, such as Macer, relate their stories as belonging to the same being. (Comp. Gell. vi. 7.) According to Massurius Sabinus in Gellius {l. c .) she was the mother of twelve sons, and when one of them died, Romulus stept into his place, and adopted in conjunction with the remaining eleven the name of fratres arvales. (Comp. Plin. 1. c.) According to other accounts again she was not the wife of Faustulus, but a prostitute who from her mode of life was called lupa by the shepherds, and who left the property she gained in that way to the Roman people. (Valer. Ant. ap. Gell. 1. c.; Livy, i. 4.) What¬ ever may be thought of the contradictory state¬ ments respecting Acca Laurentia, thus much seems clear, that she was of Etruscan origin, and con¬ nected with the worship of the Lares, from which her name Larentia itself seems to be derived. This appears further from the number of her sons, which answers to that of the twelve country Lares, and from the circumstance that the day sacred to

ACERBAS.

her was followed by one sacred to the Lares. (Macrob. Sat. 1. c. ; compare Muller, Etrusker , ii. p. 103, &c. ; Hartung, Die Religion der Romer , ii. p. 144, &c.) [L. S.]

L. A'CCIUS or A'TTIUS, an early Ro¬ man tragic poet and the son of a freedman, was bom according to Jerome b. c. 170, and was fifty years younger than Pacuvius. He lived to a great age ; Cicero, when a young man, frequently con¬ versed with him. {Brut. 28.) His tragedies were chiefly imitated from the Greeks, especially from Aeschylus, but he also wrote some on Roman sub¬ jects ( Praetextata ) ; one of which, entitled Brutus, was probably in honour of his patron D. Brutus. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 21, pro Arch. 11.) We possess only fragments of his tragedies, of which the most im¬ portant have been preserved by Cicero, but suffi¬ cient remains to justify the terms of admiration in which he is spoken of by the ancient writers. He is particularly praised for the strength and vigour of his language and the sublimity of his thoughts. (Cic. pro Plane. 24, pro Sest. 56, &c. ; Hor. Ep. ii. 1. 56 ; Quintil. x. 1. § 97 ; Gell. xiii. 2.) Besides these tragedies, he also wrote An¬ nates in verse, containing the history of Rome, like those of Ennius ; and three prose works, “ Libri Didascalion,” which seems to have been a history of poetry, “ Libri Pragmaticon ” and “ Parerga”: of the two latter no fragments are preserved. The fragments of his tragedies have been collected by Stephanus in “ Frag. vet. Poet. Lat.” Paris, 1564 ; Maittaire, “ Opera et Frag. vet. Poet. Lat.” Lond. 1713; and Bothe, “Poet. Scenici Latin.,” vol. v. Lips. 1834: and the fragments of the Didascalia by Madvig, “ De L. Attii Didas- caliis Comment.” Hafniae, 1831.

T. A'CCIUS, a native of Pisaurum in Umbria and a Roman knight, was the accuser of A. Cluen- tius, whom Cicero defended b. c. 66. He was a pupil of Hermagoras, and is praised by Cicero for accuracy and fluency. {Brut. 23, pro Cluent. 23, 31, 57.)

ACCO, a chief of the Senones in Gaul, who in¬ duced his countrymen to revolt against Caesar, b. c. 53. On the conclusion of the war Acco was put to death by Caesar. {Bell. Gall. vi. 4, 44.)

ACCOLEIA GENS is known to us only by coins and inscriptions. On a denarius we have the name P. Accoleius Lariscolus, and in two inscrip¬ tions a P. Accoleius Euhemerus, and a L. Accoleius Abascantus.

ACE'RATUS {'Atcr/paros ypaggariKos),^ Greek grammarian, and the author of an epigram on Hector in the Greek Anthology, (vii. 138.) No¬ thing is known of his life. [P. S.]

ACERBAS, a Tyrian priest of Hercules, who married Elissa, the daughter of king Mutgo, and sister of Pygmalion. He was possessed of consi¬ derable wealth, which, knowing the avarice of Pygmalion, who had succeeded his father, he con¬ cealed in the earth. But Pygmalion, who heard of these hidden treasures, had Acerbas murdered, in hopes that through his sister he might obtain possession of them. But the prudence of Elissa saved the treasures, and she emigrated from Phoe¬ nicia. (Justin, xviii. 4.) In this account Acerbas is the same person as Sichaeus, and Elissa the same as Dido in Virgil. {Aen. i. 343, 348, &c.) The names in Justin are undoubtedly more correct than in Virgil; for Servius {ad Aen. i. 343) remarks, that V irgil here, as in other cases, changed a fo-

ACESTES.

reign name into one more convenient to him, and that the real name of Sichaeus was Sicharbas, which seems to be identical with Acerbas. [Dido ; Pygmalion. ] [L. S.]

ACERRO'NIA, a friend of Agrippina, the mother of Nero, was drowned in b. c. 59, when an unsuccessful attempt was made at the same time to drown Agrippina. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 4 ; Dion Cass, lxi. 13.)

CN. ACERRO'NIUS PROCULUS, consul A. d. 37, the year in which Tiberius died (Tac. Ann. vi. 45; Suet. Tib. 73), was perhaps a de¬ scendant of the Cn. Acerronius, whom Cicero mentions in his oration for Tullius, b. c. 71, as a vir optimus. (16, &c.)

ACERSE'COMES (’A/cepcre/afycijs), a surname of Apollo expressive of his beautiful hair which was never cut or shorn. (Horn. II. xx. 39 ; Pind. Pyth. iii. 26.) [L. S.]

ACESANDER (’A Ktaavdpos) wrote a history of Cyrene. (Schol. ad Apoll. iv. 1561, 1750 ; ad Pind. Pyth. iv. init. 57.) Plutarch ( Symp . v. 2. § 8) speaks of a work of his respecting Libya (-rrepl Ai€vrjs), which may probably be the same work as the history of Cyrene. The time at which he lived is unknown.

A'CESAS (’A K€(ras), a native of Salami's in Cyprus, famed for his skill in weaving cloth with variegated patterns ( polymiiarius ). He and his son Helicon, who distinguished himself in the same art are mentioned by Athenaeus. (ii. p. 48, b.) Zenobius speaks of both artists, but says that Acesas (or, as he calls him Aceseus, ’A/cecreus) was a native of Patara, and Helicon of Carystus. He tells us also that they were the first who made a peplus for Athena Polias. When they lived, we are not informed ; but it must have been before the time of Euripides and Plato, who mention this peplus. (Eur. Hec. 468; Plat. Euthyphr. § 6.) A specimen of the workmanship of these two artists was preserved in the temple at Delphi, bearing an inscription to the effect, that Pallas had imparted marvellous skill to their hands. [C. P. M.J

ACE'SIAS (’A/cecrias), an ancient Greek physi¬ cian, whose age and country are both unknown. It is ascertained however that he lived at least four hundred years before Christ, as the proverb Ak ecri'as laaaro , Acesias cured him , is quoted on the authority of Aristophanes. This saying (by which only Acesias is known to us,) was used when any person’s disease became worse instead of better under medical treatment, and is mentioned by Suidas (.s. v. ’A Kecrias), Zenobius ( Proverb . Cent. i. § 52), Diogenianus ( Proverb . ii. 3), Mi¬ chael Apostolius ( Proverb . ii. 23), and Plutarch ( Proverb . quibus Alexandr. usi sunt, § 98). See also Proverb, e Cod. Bodl. § 82, in Gaisford’s Paroemiographi Graeci , 8vo. Oxon. 1836. It is possible that an author bearing this name, and mentioned by Athenaeus (xii. p. 516, c.) as having written a treatise on the Art of Cooking (oipapru- riKa), may be one and the same person, but of this we have no certain information. (J. J. Baier, Adag. Medic. Cent. 4to. Lips. 1718.) [W. A. G.]

ACE'SIUS (’A uecnos), a surname of Apollo, under which he was worshipped in Elis, where he had a splendid temple in the agora. This sur¬ name, which has the same meaning as aKearccp and a\e^LH.aKos, characterised the god as the averter of evil. (Pans. vi. 24. § 5.) [L. S.]

ACESTES (’Afcecmjs), a son of the Sicilian

ACESTORIDES. 7

river-god Crimisus and of a Trojan woman of the name of Egesta or Segesta (Virg. Aen. i. 195, 550, v. 36, 711, &c.), who according to Servius was sent by her father Hippotes or Ipsostratus to Sicily, that she might not be devoured by the monsters, which infested the territory of Troy, and which had been sent into the land, because the Trojans had refused to reward Poseidon and Apollo for having built the walls of their city. When Egesta arrived in Sicily, the river-god Crimisus in the form of a bear or a dog begot by her a son Acestes, who was afterwards regarded as the hero who had founded the town of Segesta. (Comp. Schol. ad Lycophr. 951, 963.) The tradition of Acestes in Dionysius (i. 52), who calls him Aegestus (Aiyes- r os), is different, for according to him the grand¬ father of Aegestus quarrelled with Laomedon, who slew him and gave his daughters to some mer¬ chants to convey them to a distant land. A noble Trojan however embarked with them, and married one of them in Sicily, where she subsequently gave birth to a son, Aegestus. During the war against Troy Aegestus obtained permission from Priam to return and take part in the contest, and afterwards returned to Sicily, where Aeneas on his arrival was hospitably received by him and Elymus, and built for them the towns of Aegesta and Elyme. The account of Dionysius seems to be nothing but a rationalistic interpretation of the genuine legend. As to the inconsistencies in Virgil’s account of Acestes, see Heyne, Excurs. 1, on Aen. v. [L. S.]

ACESTODO'RUS (’A^ecrr 65a>pos), a Greek historical writer, who is cited by Plutarch {Them. 13), and whose work contained, as it appears, an account of the battle of Salamis among other things. The time at which he lived is unknown. Ste- phanus (s. v. Meya\r} speaks of an Acesto-

dorus of Megalopolis, who wrote a work on cities (7repi iroAzwv), but whether this is the same as the above-mentioned writer is not clear.

ACESTOR (’A /cecrrcop). A surname of Apollo which characterises him as the god of the healing art, or in general as the averter of evil, like dueaios. (Eurip. Androm. 901.) [L. S.]

ACESTOR (’Ak ecrrcop), surnamed Sacas (2a- uas), on account of his foreign origin, was a tragic poet at Athens, and a contemporary of Aristo¬ phanes. He seems to have been either of Thracian or Mysian origin. (Aristoph. Aves, 31 ; Schol. ad loc. ; Vespae, 1216 ; Schol. ad toe. ; Phot, and Suid. s. v. 2 areas : Welcker, Die Griech. Tragod. p. 1032.) [R. W.]

ACESTOR (’Aicearwp), a sculptor mentioned by Pausanias (vi. 17. § 2) as having executed a statue of Alexibius, a native of Heraea in Arcadia, who had gained a victory in the pentathlon at the Olympic games. He was born at Cnossus, or at any rate exercised his profession there for some time. (Paus. x. 15. § 4.) He had a son named Amphion, who was also a sculptor, and had studied under Ptolichus of Corcyra (Paus. vi. 3. § 2) ; so that Acestor must have been a contempo¬ rary of the latter, who flourished about 01. 82. (b. c. 452.) [C. P. M.j

ACESTO'RIDES (’AKearopiSgs), a Corinthian, was made supreme commander by the Syracusans in b. c. 317, and banished Agathocles from the city. (Diod. xix. 5.)

ACESTOTlIDES wrote four books of mytmcal stories relating to every city (toqv Kara itoAiv gudiKwv). In these he gave many real historical

8 ACHAEUS.

accounts, as well as those which were merely mythical, but he entitled them gvdiua to avoid calumny and to indicate the pleasant nature of the work. It was compiled from Conon, Apollodorus, Protagoras and others. (Phot. Bibl. cod. 189 ; Tzetz. Chil. vii. 144.)

ACHAEA (’Axaia), a surname of Demeter by which she was worshipped at Athens by the Ge- phyraeans who had emigrated thither from Boeotia. (Herod, v. 61 ; Plut. Is. et Osir. p. 378, D.)

2. A surname of Minerva worshipped at Lu- ceria in Apulia where the donaria and the arms of Diomedes were preserved in her temple. (Aristot. Mir ah. Narrat. 117.) [L. S.]

ACHAEUS (’A%atos), according to nearly all traditions a son of Xuthus and Creusa, and conse¬ quently a brother of Ion and grandson of Hellen. The Achaeans regarded him as the author of their race, and derived from him their own name as well as that of Achaia, which was fonnerly called Aegialus. When his uncle Aeolus in Thessaly, whence he himself had come to Peloponnesus, died, he went thither and made himself master of Phthiotis, which now also received from him the name of Achaia. (Paus. vii. 1. § 2 ; Strab. viii. p. 383 ; Apollod. i. 7. § 3.) Servius ( adAen . i. 242) alone calls Achaeus a son of Jupiter and Pithia, which is probably miswritten for Phthia. [L. S.]

ACHAEUS (’A xcuo's), son of Andromachus, whose sister Laodice married Seleucus Callinicus, the father of Antiochus the Great. Achaeus himself married Laodice, the daughter of Mithri- dates, king of Pontus. (Polyb. iv. 51. § 4, viii. 22. §11.) He accompanied Seleucus Ceraunus, the son of Callinicus, in his expedition across mount Taurus against Attalus, and after the assassination of Seleucus revenged his death ; and though he might easily have assumed the royal power, he re¬ mained faithful to the family of Seleucus. Anti¬ ochus the Great, the successor of Seleucus, ap¬ pointed him to the command of all Asia on this side of mount Taurus, b. c. 223. Achaeus re¬ covered for the Syrian empire all the districts which Attalus had gained ; but having been falsely accused by Hermeias, the minister of Antiochus, of intending to revolt, he did so in self-defence, assumed the title of king, and ruled over the whole of Asia on this side of the Taurus. As long as Antiochus was engaged in the war with Ptolemy, he could not march against Achaeus ; but after a peace had been concluded with Ptolemy, he crossed the Taurus, united his forces with Attalus, de¬ prived Achaeus in one campaign of all his do¬ minions and took Sardis with the exception of the citadel. Achaeus after sustaining a siege of two years in the citadel at last fell into the hands of Antiochus b. c. 214, through the treachery of Bolis, who had been employed by Sosibius, the minister of Ptolemy, to deliver him from his danger, but betrayed him to Antiochus, who ordered him to be put to death immediately. (Polyb. iv. 2. § 6, iv. 48, v. 40. § 7, 42, 57, vii. 15—18, viii. 17—23.)

ACHAEUS ( A^ouds) 0f Eretria in Euboea, a tragic poet, was born b. c. 484, the year in which Aeschylus gained his first victory, and four years before the birth of Euripides. In b. c. 477, he contended with Sophocles and Euripides, and though he subsequently brought out many dramas, according to some as many as thirty or forty, he nevertheless only gained the prize once. ' The

ACHELOUS.

fragments of Achaeus contain much strange mytho¬ logy, and his expressions were often forced and obscure. (Athen. x. p. 451, c.) Still in the satyrical drama he must have possessed considerable merit, for in this department some ancient critics thought him inferior only to Aeschylus. (Diog. Laer. ii. 133.) The titles of seven of his satyrical dramas and of ten of his tragedies are still known. The extant fragments of his pieces have been collected, and edited by Urlichs, Bonn, 1834. (Suidas, s. v.) This Achaeus should not be confounded with a later tragic writer of the same name, who was a native of Syracuse. According to Suidas and Phavorinus he wrote ten, according to Eudocia fourteen tragedies. (Urlichs, Ibid.) [R. W.j ACHAE'MENES (’Axai^eTTjs). 1. The an¬ cestor of the Persian kings, who founded the family of the Achaemenidae (’AxcUjUeUScu), which was the noblest family of the Pasargadae, the noblest of the Persian tribes. Achaemenes is said to have been brought up by an eagle. According to a genealogy given by Xerxes, the following was the order of the descent : Achaemenes, Tefspes, Cambyses, Cyrus, Tei'spes, Ariaramnes, Arsames, Hystaspes, Darius, Xerxes. (Herod, i. 125, vii. 1 1 ; Aelian, Hist. Anim. xii. 21.) The original seat of this family was Achaemenia in Persis. (Steph. s. v. 'AxcufxepLa.) The Roman poets use the adjective Achaemenius in the sense of Persian. (Hor. Carm. iii. 1. 44, xiii. 8; Ov. Ar. Am. i. 226, Met. iv. 212.)

2. The son of Darius I. was appointed by his brother Xerxes governor of Egypt, b. c. 484. He commanded the Egyptian fleet in the expedition of Xerxes against Greece, and strongly opposed the prudent advice of Demaratus. When Egypt revolted under Inarus the Libyan in b. c. 460, Achaemenes was sent to subdue it, but was defeated and killed in battle by Inarus. (Herod, iii. 12, vii. 7, 97, 236 ; Diod. xi. 74.)

ACldAEME'NlDES or ACHEME'NIDES, a son of Adamastus of Ithaca, and a companion of Ulysses who left him behind in Sicily, when he fled from the Cyclops. Here he was found by Aeneas who took him with him. (Virg. Aen. iii. 613, &c. ; Ov. Ex Pont. ii. 2. 25.) [L. S.]

ACHA'ICUS,a surname of L.Mummius.

ACIdA'ICUS (’A x^lkos). a philosopher, who wrote a work on Ethics. His time is unknown. (Diog. Laert. vi. 99 ; Theodor. Graec. affect, cur. viii. p. 919, ed. Schulze ; Clem. Alex. Strom, iv. p. 496, d.)

ACHELO'IS. 1. A surname of the Sirens, the daughters of Achelous and a muse. (Ov. Met. v. 552, xiv. 87 ; Apollod. i. 7. § 10.)

2. A general name for water-nymphs, as in Columella (x. 263), where the companions of the Pegasids are called Acheloides. [L. S.]

ACHELO'US (’Ax^A <?os), the god of the river Achelous which was the greatest, and according to tradition, the most ancient among the rivers of Greece. He with 3000 brother-rivers is described as a son of Oceanus and Thetys (Ides. Tlieog. 340), or of Oceanus and Gaea, or lastly of Hellos and Gaea. (Natal. Com. vii. 2.) The origin of the river Achelous is thus described by Servius (ad Virg. Georg, i. 9 ; Aen. viii. 300) : When Ache¬ lous on one occasion had lost his daughters, the Sirens, and in his grief invoked his mother Gaea, she received him to her bosom, and on the 6pot where she received him, she caused the river bear-

ACHERON.

ing his name to gush forth. Other accounts about the origin of the river and its name are given by Stephanus of Byzantium, Strabo (x. p. 450), and Plutarch. ( De Flum. 22.) Achelous the god was a competitor with Heracles in the suit for Dei'aneira, and fought with him for the bride. Achelous was conquered in the contest, but as he possessed the power of assuming various forms, he metamorphosed himself first into a serpent and then into a bull. But in this form too he was con¬ quered by Heracles, and deprived of one of his horns, which however he recovered by giving up the horn of Amalthea. ( Ov. Met. ix. 8, &c. ; Apollod. i. 8. § 1, ii. 7. § 5.) Sophocles ( Tracldn . 9, &c.) makes Dei’aneira relate these occurrences in a some¬ what different manner. According to Ovid {Met. ix. 87), the Naiads changed the horn which Heracles took from Achelous into the horn of plenty. When Theseus returned home from the Calydonian chase he was invited and hospitably received by Achelous, who related to him in what manner he had created the islands called Echinades. (Ov. Met. viii. 547, &c.) The numerous wives and descendants cf Achelous are spoken of in separate articles. Strabo (x. p. 458) proposes a very ingenious interpretation of the legends about Achelous, all of which according to him arose from the nature of the river itself. It resembled a bull’s voice in the noise of the water ; its windings and its reaches gave rise to the story about his forming himself into a seipent and about his horns ; the formation of islands at the mouth of the river re¬ quires no explanation. His conquest by Heracles lastly refers to the embankments by which Heracles confined the river to its bed and thus gained large tracts of land for cultivation, which are expressed by the horn of plenty. (Compare Voss, Mytholog. Briefe , lxxii.) Others derive the legends about Achelous from Egypt, and describe him as a second Niius. But however this may be, he was from the earliest times considered to be a great divinity throughout Greece (Horn. II. xxi. 194), and was invoked in prayers, sacrifices, on taking oaths, &c. (Ephorus ap. Macrob. v. 18), and the Dodonean Zeus usually added to each oracle he gave, the command to offer sacrifices to Achelous. (Ephorus, l. c.) This wide extent of the worship of Achelous also accounts for his being regarded as the repre¬ sentative of sweet water in general, that is, as the source of all nourishment. (Virg. Georg, i. 9, with the note of Voss.) The contest of Achelous with Heracles was represented on the throne of Amyclae (Paus. iii. 18. § 9), and in the treasury of the Megarians at Olympia there was a statue of him made by Dontas of cedar- wood and gold. (Paus. vi. 19. § 9.) On several coins of Acarnania the god is represented as a bull with the head of an old man. (Comp. Philostr. Imag. n. 4.) [L. S.]

ACHEME'NIDES. [Achaemenides.] ACHERON {'Ax^pccv). In ancient geography there occur several rivers of this name, all of which were, at least at one time, believed to be connected with the lower world. The river first looked upon in this light was the Acheron in Thesprotia, in Epirus, a country which appeared to the earliest Greeks as the end of the world in the west, and the locality of the river led them to the belief that it was the entrance into the lower world. When subsequently Epirus and the countries beyond the sea became better known, the Acheron or the en¬ trance to the lower world was transferred to other

ACHILLES. 9

more distant parts, and at last the Acheron was placed in the lower world itself. Thus we find in the Homeric poems {Od. x. 513 ; comp. Paus. i. 17. § 5) the Acheron described as a river of Hades, into which the Pyriphlegeton and Cocytus are said to flow. Virgil {Aen. vi. 297, with the note of Ser- vius) describes it as the principal river of Tartarus, from which the Styx and Cocytus sprang. Ac¬ cording to later traditions, Acheron had been a son of Helios and Gaea or Demeter, and was changed into the river bearing his name in the lower world, because he had refreshed the Titans with drink during their contest with Zeus. They further state that Ascalaphus was a son of Acheron and Orphne or Gorgyra. (Natal. Com. iii. 1.) In late writers the name Acheron is used in a general sense to designate the whole of the lower world. (Virg. Aen. vii. 312 ; Cic. postredit. in Senat. 10 ; C. Nepos, Dion , 10.) The Etruscans too were acquainted with the worship of Acheron ( Acheruns) from very early times, as we must infer from their Acheruntici libri, which among various other things treated on the deification of the souls, and on the sacrifices {Acheruntia sacra ) by which this was to be effected. (Muller, Etrusker , ii. 27, &c.) The description of the Acheron and the lower world in general in Plato’s Phaedo (p. 112) is very pecu¬ liar, and not very easy to understand. [L. S.]

ACHERU'SIA (’Axepovcrla Aigurj, or fA/yepou- ctls), a name given by the ancients to several lakes or swamps, which, like the various rivers of the name of Acheron, were at some time believed to be connected with the lower world, until at last the Acherusia came to be considered to be in the lower world itself. The lake to which this belief seems to have been first attached was the Acherusia in Thes¬ protia, through which the river Acheron flowed. (Thuc. i. 46 ; Strab. vii. p. 324.) Other lakes or swamps of the same name, and believed to be in con¬ nexion with the lower world, were near Hermione in Argolis (Paus. ii. 35. § 7), near Heraclea in Bi- thynia (Xen. Anab. vi. 2. § 2; Diod. xiv. 31), be¬ tween Cumae and cape Misenum in Campania (Plin. H. N. iii. 5; Strab. v. p.243), and lastly in Egypt, near Memphis. (Diod. i. 96.) [L. S.]

ACHILLAS (’AxtAAas), one of the guardians of the Egyptian king Ptolemy Dionysus, and commander of the troops, when Pompey fled to Egypt, b. c. 48. He is called by Caesar a man of extraordinary daring, and it was he and L. Septimius who killed Pompey. (Caes. B. C. iii. 104; Liv. Epit. 104 ; Dion Cass. xlii. 4.) He subsequently joined the eunuch Pothinus in re¬ sisting Caesar, and having had the command of the whole army entrusted to him by Pothinus, he marched against Alexandria with 20,000 foot and 2000 horse. Caesar, who was at Alexandria, had not sufficient forces to oppose him, and sent am¬ bassadors to treat with him, but these Achillas murdered to remove all hopes of reconciliation. He then marched into Alexandria and obtained possession of the greatest part of the city. Mean¬ while, however, Arsinoe, the younger sister of Ptolemy, escaped from Caesar and joined Achillas ; but dissensions breaking out between them, she had Achillas put to death by Ganymedes a eunuch, b. c. 47, to whom she then entrusted the command of the forces. (Caes. B. C. iii. 108 — 112 ; B. Alex. 4 ; Dion Cass. xlii. 36 — 40 ; Lucan, x. 519 — 523.)

ACHILLES (’A^iAA ey$). In the legends about

10 ACHILLES.

Achilles, as about all the heroes of the Trojan war, the Homeric traditions should be carefully kept apart from the various additions and embellish¬ ments with which the gaps of the ancient story- have been filled up by later poets and mythogra- phers, not indeed by fabrications of their own, but by adopting those supplementary details, by which oral tradition in the course of centuries had va¬ riously altered and developed the original kernel of the story, or those accounts which were peculiar only to certain localities.

Homeric story. Achilles was the son of Peleus, king of the Myrmidones in Phthiotis, in Thessaly, and of the Nereid Thetis. (Horn. 11. xx. 206, &c.) From his father’s name he is often called Ur]\riid^7]s, or FtyAetW (Horn. II. xviii. 316; i. 1 ; i. 197 ; Virg. Aen. ii. 263), and from that of his grandfather Aeacus, he derived his name Aea- cides (A ta/aSrjs, II. ii. 860 ; Virg. Aen. i. 99). He was educated from his tender childhood by Phoenix, who taught him eloquence and the arts of war, and accompanied him to the Trojan war, and to whom the hero always shewed great at¬ tachment. (ix. 485, &c. ; 438, &c.) In the heal¬ ing art he was instructed by Cheiron, the centaur, (xi. 832.) His mother Thetis foretold him that his fate was either to gain glory and die early, or to live a long but inglorious life. (ix. 410, &c.) The hero chose the latter, and took part in the Trojan war, from which he knew that he was not to return. In fifty ships, or according to later traditions, in sixty (Hygin. Fab. 97), he led his hosts of Myrmidones, Hellenes, and Achaeans against Troy. (ii. 681, &c., xvi. 168.) Here the swift-footed Achilles was the great bulwark of the Greeks, and the worthy favourite of Athena and Hera. (i. 195, 208.) Previous to his dispute with Agamemnon, he ravaged the country around Troy, and destroyed twelve towns on the coast and ele¬ ven in the interior of the country. (ix. 328, &c.) When Agamemnon was obliged to give up Chry- se'is to her father, he threatened to take away Brisei's from Achilles, who surrendered her on the persuasion of Athena, but at the same time refused to take any further part in the war, and shut him¬ self up in his tent. Zeus, on the entreaty of The¬ tis, promised that victory should be on the side of the Trojans, until the Achaeans should have ho¬ noured her son. (i. 26, to the end.) The affairs of the Greeks declined in consequence, and they were at last pressed so hard, that Agamemnon advised them to take to flight, (ix. 17,&c.) But other chiefs opposed this counsel, and an embassy was sent to Achilles, offering him rich presents and the restoration of Brise'is (ix. 119, &c.) ; but in vain. At last, however, he was persuaded by Patroclus, his dearest friend, to allow him to make use of his men, his horses, and his armour, (xvi. 49, &c.) Patroclus was slain, and when this news reached Achilles, he was seized with unspeakable grief. Thetis consoled him, and promised new arms, which were to be made by Hephaestus, and Iris appeared to rouse him from his lamentations, and exhorted him to rescue the body of Patroclus. (xviii. 166, &c.) Achilles now rose, and his thundering voice alone put the Trojans to flight. When his new armour was brought to him, he reconciled himself to Agamemnon, and hur¬ ried to the field of battle, disdaining to take any drink or food until the death of his friend should be avenged, (xix. 155, &c.) He wound-

ACHILLES.

ed and slew numbers of Trojans (xx. xxi.), and at length met Hector, whom he chased thrice around the walls of the city. He then slew him, tied his body to his chariot, and dragged him to the ships of the Greeks, (xxii.) After this, he burnt the body of Patroclus, together with twelve young captive Trojans, who were sacrificed to ap¬ pease the spirit of his friend ; and subsequently gave up the body of Hector to Priam, who came in person to beg for it. (xxiii. xxiv.) Achilles himself fell in the battle at the Scaean gate, before Troy was taken. His death itself does not occur in the Iliad, but it is alluded to in a few passages, (xxii. 358, &c., xxi. 278, &c.) It is expressly mentioned in the Odyssey (xxiv. 36, &c.), where it is said that his fall — his conqueror is not men¬ tioned — was lamented by gods and men, that his remains together with those of Patroclus were bu¬ ried in a golden urn which Dionysus had given as a present to Thetis, and were deposited in a place on the coast of the Hellespont, where a mound was raised over them. Achilles is the principal hero of the Iliad, and the poet dwells upon the delineation of his character with love and admira¬ tion, feelings in which his readers cannot but sym¬ pathise with him. Achilles is the handsomest and bravest of all the Greeks ; he is affectionate towards his mother and his friends, formidable in battles, which are his delight ; open-hearted and without fear, and at the same time susceptible to the gentle and quiet joys of home. His greatest passion is ambition, and when his sense of honour is hurt, he is unrelenting in his revenge and anger, but withal submits obediently to the will of the gods.

Later traditions. These chiefly consist in ac¬ counts which fill up the history of his youth and death. His mother wishing to make her son im¬ mortal, is said to have concealed him by night in fire, in order to destroy the mortal parts he had inherited from his father, and by day she anointed him with ambrosia. But Peleus one night disco¬ vered his child in the fire, and cried out in terror. Thetis left her son and fled, and Peleus entrusted him to Cheiron, who educated and instructed him in the arts of riding, hunting, and playing the phorminx, and also changed his original name, Ligyron, i. e. the “whining,” into Achilles. (Pind. Nem. iii. 51, &c.; Orph. Argon. 395 ; Apollon. Rhod. iv. 813 ; Stat. Achil. i. 269, &c. ; Apollod. iii. 13. § 6, &c.) Cheiron fed his pupil with the hearts of lions and the marrow of bears. Accord¬ ing to other accounts, Thetis endeavoured to make Achilles immortal by dipping him in the river St}rx, and succeeded with the exception of the an¬ kles, by which she held him (Fulgent. Mythol. iii. 7 ; Stat. Achill. i. 269), while others again state that she put him in boiling water to test his im¬ mortality, and that he was found immortal except at the ankles. From his sixth year he fought with lions and bears, and caught stags without dogs or nets. The muse Calliope gave him the power of singing to cheer his friends at banquets. (Philostr. Her. xix. 2.) When he had reached the age of nine, Calchas declared that Troy could not be taken without his aid, and Thetis knowing that this war would be fatal to him, disguised him as a maiden, and introduced him among the daughters of Lycomedes of Scyros, where he was called by the name of Pyrrha on account of his golden locks. But his real character did not remain concealed long, for one of his companions, DeVdameia, became

ACHILLES.

mother of a son, Pyrrhus or Neoptolemus, by him. The Greeks at last discovered his place of conceal¬ ment, and an embassy was sent to Lycomedes, who, though he denied the presence of Achilles, yet allowed the messengers to search his palace. Odysseus discovered the young hero by a strata¬ gem, and Achilles immediately promised his assist¬ ance to the Greeks. (Apollod. 1. c. ; Hygin. Fab. 96 ; Stat. Achil. ii. 200.) A different account of his stay in Scyros is given by Plutarch ( Thes. 35) and Philostratus. ( Her . xix. 3.)

Respecting his conduct towards Iphigeneia at Aulis, see Agamemnon, Ifhigeneia.

During the war against Troy, Achilles slew Penthesileia, an Amazon, but was deeply moved when he discovered her beauty ; and when Ther- sites ridiculed him for his tenderness of heart, Achilles killed the scoffer by a blow with the fist. (Q. Smyrn. i. 669, &c. ; Paus. v. 11. §2; comp. Soph. Philoct. 445 ; Lycoph. Cas. 999 ; Tzetzes, Posthom. 199.) He also fought with Memnon and Troilus. (Q. Smyrn. ii. 480, &c.; Hygin. Fab. 112; Virg. Aen. i. 474, &c.) The accounts of his death differ very much, though all agree in stating that he did not fall by human hands, or at least not without the interference of the god Apollo. Ac¬ cording to some traditions, he was killed by Apollo himself (Soph. Philoct. 334 ; Q. Smyrn. iii. 62 ; Hor. Carm. iv. 6. 3, &c.), as he had been fore¬ told. (Horn. II. xxi. 278.) According to Hyginus (Fab. 107), Apollo assumed the appearance of Paris in killing him, while others say that Apollo merely directed the weapon of Paris against Achil¬ les, and thus caused his death, as had been sug¬ gested by the dying Hector. (Virg. Aen. vi. 57 ; Ov. Met. xii. 601, &c. ; Horn. II. xxii. 358, &c.) Dictys Cretensis (iii. 29) relates his death thus : Achilles loved Polyxena, a daughter of Priam, and tempted by the promise that he should receive her as his wife, if he would join the Trojans, he went without arms into the temple of Apollo at Thym- bra, and was assassinated there by Paris. (Comp. Philostr. Her. xix. 11 ; Hygin. Fab. 107 and 110 ; Dares Phryg. 34; Q. Smyrn. iii. 50 ; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 307.) His body was rescued by Odys¬ seus and Ajax the Telamonian; his armour was promised by Thetis to the bravest among the Greeks, which gave rise to a contest between the two heroes who had rescued his body. [Ajax.]

After his death, Achilles became one of the judges in the lower world, and dwelled in the is¬ lands of the blessed, where he was united with Medeia or Iphigeneia. The fabulous island of Leuce in the Euxine was especially sacred to him, and was called Achillea, because, according to some re¬ ports, it contained his body. (Mela, ii. 7 ; Schol. ad Pind. Nem. iv. 49; Paus. iii. 19. § 11.) Achilles was worshipped as one of the national heroes of Greece. The Thessalians, at the command of the oracle of Dodona, offered annual sacrifices to him in Troas. (Philostr. Her. xix. 14.) In the ancient gymnasium at Olympia there was a cenotaph, at which certain solemnities were performed before the Olympic games commenced. (Paus. vi. 23. § 2.) Sanctuaries of Achilles existed on the road from Arcadia to Sparta (Paus. iii. 20. § 8), on cape Sigeum in Troas (Strab. xi. p.494), and other places. The events of his life were frequently re¬ presented in ancient works of art. (Bottiger, Va- sengein'dlde , iii. p. 144, &c.; Museum Clement, i. 52, v. 17; Villa Borg. i. 9 ; Mus. Nap. ii. 59.) [L. S.]

ACHILLES TATIUS. 11

ACHILLES (’AxtAAeus), a son of Lyson of Athens, who was believed to have first introduced in his native city the mode of sending persons into exile by ostracism. (Ptolem. Heph. vi. p. 333.) Several other and more credible accounts, how¬ ever, ascribe this institution with more probability to other persons. [L. S.]

ACHILLES TATIUS (’AXiAA ei)s T drm), or as Suidas and Eudocia call him Achilles Statius, an Alexandrine rhetorician, who was formerly be¬ lieved to have lived in the second or third century of our aera. But as it is a well-known fact, which is also acknowledged by Photius, that he imitated Ileliodorus of Emesa, he must have lived after this writer, and therefore belongs either to the latter half of the fifth or the beginning of the sixth century of our aera. Suidas states that he was originally a Pagan, and that subsequently he was converted to Christianity. The truth of this assertion, as far as Achilles Tatius, the author of the romance, is concerned, is not supported by the work of Achilles, which bears no marks of Chris¬ tian thoughts, while it would not be difficult to prove from it that he was a heathen. This romance is a history of the adventures of two lovers, Cleitophon and Leucippe. It bears the title Ta Karat AevKiinrrjv Kal KAetroapwvra, and consists of eight books. Notwithstanding all its defects, it is one of the best love-stories of the Greeks. Cleitophon is represented in it relating to a friend the whole course of the events from be¬ ginning to end, a plan which renders the story rather tedious, and makes the narrator appear affected and insipid. Achilles, like his predecessor Heliodorus, disdained having recourse to what is marvellous and improbable in itself, but the accu¬ mulation of adventures and of physical as well as moral difficulties, which the lovers have to over¬ come, before they are happily united, is too great and renders the story improbable, though their ar¬ rangement and succession are skilfully managed by the author. Numerous parts of the work however are written without taste and judgment, and do not appear connected with the story by any inter¬ nal necessity. Besides these, the work has a great many digressions, which, although interest¬ ing in themselves and containing curious infor¬ mation, interrupt and impede the progress of the narrative. The work is full of imitations of other writers from the time of Plato to that of Achilles himself, and while he thus trusts to his books and his learning, he appears ignorant of human nature and the affairs of real life. The laws of decency and morality are not always paid due regard to, a defect which is even noticed by Photius. The style of the work, on which the author seems to have bestowed his principal care, is thoroughly rhetorical : there is a perpetual striving after ele¬ gance and beauty, after images, puns, and anti¬ theses. These things, however, were just what the age of Achilles required, and that his novel was much read, is attested by the number of MSS. still extant.

A part of it was first printed in a Latin trans¬ lation by Annibal della Croce (Crucejus), Ley¬ den, 1544 ; a complete translation appeared at Basel in 1554. The first edition of the Greek original appeared at Heidelberg, 1601, 8vo., print¬ ed together with similar works of Longus and Parthenius. An edition, with a voluminous though rather careless commentary, was published by Sal-

12 ACHMET.

masius, Leyden, 1640, 8vo. The best and most re¬ cent edition is by Fr. Jacobs, Leipzig, 1821, in 2 vols. 8 vo. The first volume contains the prole¬ gomena, the text and the Latin translation by Crucejus, and the second the commentary. There is an English translation of the work, by A. H. (Anthony Hodges), Oxford, 1638, 8vo.

Suidas ascribes to this same Achilles Tatius, a work on the sphere (irepl acpalpas), a fragment of which professing to be an introduction to the Phaenomena of Aratus (Elaaycoyrj els ra ’Aparov <paiv6peva) is still extant. But as this work is referred to by Firmicus ( Mathes . iv. 10), who lived earlier than the time we have assigned to Achilles, the author of the work on the Sphere must have lived before the time of the writer of the romance. The work itself is of no particular value. It is printed in Petavius, Uranologia , Paris, 1630, and Amsterdam, 1703, fol. Suidas also mentions a work of Achilles Tatius on Ety¬ mology, and another entitled Miscellaneous His¬ tories ; as both are lost, it is impossible to deter¬ mine which Achilles was their author. [L. S.]

ACHILLEUS assumed the title of emperor under Diocletian and reigned over Egypt for some time. He was at length taken by Diocletian after a siege of eight months in Alexandria, and put to death, A. d. 296. (Eutrop. ix. 14, 15 ; Aurel. Viet, de Caes. 39.)

ACHI'LLIDES, a patronymic, formed from Achilles, and given to his son Pyrrhus. (Ov. Heroid. viii. 3.) [L. S.]

ACHFROE (5 Axipov ), or according to Apollo- dorus (ii. 1. § 4) Anchinoe, which is perhaps a mis¬ take for Anchiroe, was a daughter of Nilus, and the wife of Belus, by whom she became the mother of Aegyptus and Danaus. According to the scho¬ liast on Lycophron (583 and 1161), Ares begot by her a son, Sithon, and according to Hegesippus (ap. Steph. Byz. s. v. IlaAATjPT?), also two daugh¬ ters, Pallenaea and Rhoetea, from whom two towns derived their names. [L. S.]

ACHLYS (’A%Aus), according to some ancient cosmogonies, the eternal night, and the first created being which existed even before Chaos. According to Hesiod, she was the personification of misery and sadness, and as such she was repre¬ sented on the shield of Heracles (Scut. Here. 264, &c.): pale, emaciated, and weeping, with chatter¬ ing teeth, swollen knees, long nails on her fingers, bloody cheeks, and her shoulders thickly covered with dust. [L. S.]

ACHMET, son of Seirim ('Axper vlos 2 eipefp .), the author of a work on the Interpretation of Dreams, ’O^tpo/cpm/ca, is probably the same per¬ son as Abu Bekr Mohammed Ben Sirin, whose work on the same subject is still extant in Arabic in the Royal Library at Paris, (Catal. Cod. Ma- nuscr , Biblioth. Beg. Paris, vol. i. p. 230, cod. mccx.,) and who was born a. h. 33, (a. d. 653-4,) and died a. h. 1 1 0. (a. d. 728-9.) (See Nicoll and Pusey, Catal. Cod. Manuscr. Arab. Bibliotli. Bodl. p. 516.) 1 his conjecture will seem the more pro¬

bable when it is recollected that the two names A hmed or A chinet and Mohammed , however unlike each other they may appear in English, consist in Arabic of four letters each, and differ only in the first. There must, however, be some difference between Achmet’s work, in the form in which we have it, and that of I bn Sirin, as the writer of the former (or the translator) appears from internal evi-

ACIDINUS.

dence to have been certainly a Christian, (c. 2, 150, &c.) It exists only in Greek, or rather (if the above conjecture as to its author be correct) it has only been published in that language. It consists of three hundred and four chapters, and professes to be derived from what has been written on the same subject by the Indians, Persians, and Egyptians. It was translated out of Greek into Latin about the year 1160, by Leo Tuscus, of which work two specimens are to be found in Casp. Barthii Adversaria, (xxxi. 14, ed. Francof. 1624, foil.) It was first published at Frankfort, 1577, 8vo., in a Latin translation, made by Leun- clavius, from a very imperfect Greek manuscript, with the title “ Apomasaris Apotelesmata, sive de Significatis et Eventis Insomniorum, ex Indo- rum, Persarum, Aegyptiorumque Disciplina.” The word Apomasares is a corruption of the name of the famous Albumasar, or Abu Ma’shar, and Leun- clavius afterwards acknowledged his mistake in attributing the work to him. It was published in Greek and Latin by Rigaltius, and appended to his edition of the Oneirocritica of Artemidorus, Lutet. Paris. 1603, 4to., and some Greek various readings are inserted by Jac. De Rhoer in his Otium ‘ Daventriense , p. 338, &c. Daventr. 1762, 8vo. It has also been translated into Italian, French, and German. [W. A. G.]

ACHO'LIUS held the office of Magister Ad- missionum in the reign of Valerian, (b. c. 253 — 260.) One of his works was entitled Acta, and contained an account of the history of Aurelian. It was in nine books at least. (Vopisc. Aurel. 12.) He also wrote the life of Alexander Severus. (Lamprid. Aleoc. Sev. 14. 48. 68.)

ACHOLOE. [Harpyiae.]

ACICHO'RIUS (’A KixoipLos) was one of the leaders of the Gauls, who invaded Thrace and Macedonia in b. c. 280. He and Brennus com¬ manded the division that marched into Paeonia. In the following year, b. c. 279, he accompanied Brennus in his invasion of Greece. (Pans. x. 19. § 4, 5, 22. § 5, 23. § 1, &c.) Some writers suppose that Brennus and Acichorius are the same persons, the former being only a title and the latter the real name. (Schmidt, “ De fontibus veterum auc- torum in enarrandis expeditionibus a Gallis in Macedoniam susceptis,” Berol. 1834.)

ACIDA'LIA, a surname of Venus (Virg. Aen. i. 720), which according to Servius was derived from the well Acidalius near Orchomenos, in which Venus used to bathe with the Graces; others con¬ nect the name with the Greek a/aSes, i. e. cares or troubles. [L. S.]

ACIDFNUS, a family-name of the Manlia gens. Cicero speaks of the Acidini as among the first men of a former age. (De leg. agr. ii. 24.)

1. L. Manlius Acidinus, praetor urbanus in b. c. 210, was sent by the senate into Sicily to bring back the consul Valerius to Rome to hold the elections. (Liv. xxvi. 23, xxvii. 4.) In b. c. 207 he was with the troops stationed at Narnia to oppose Ilasdrubal, and was the first to send to Rome intelligence of the defeat of the latter. (Liv. xxvii. 50.) In b. c. 206 he and L. Cornelius Lentulus had the province of Spain entrusted to them with proconsular power. In the following year he conquered the Ausetani and Ilergetes, who had rebelled against the Romans in conse¬ quence of the absence of Scipio. He did not re¬ turn to Rome till b. c. 199, but was prevented by

ACIS.

the tribune P. Porcius Laeca from entering the city in an ovation, which the senate had granted him. (Liv. xxviii. 38, xxix. 1 — 3, 13, xxxii. 7.)

2. L. Manlius Acidinus Fulvianus, origin¬ ally belonged to the Fulvia gens, but was adopted into the Manila gens, probably by the above-men¬ tioned Acidinus. (Veil. Pat. ii. "8.) He was praetor b. c. 188, and had the province of Hispania Citerior allotted to him, where he remained till B. c. 186. In the latter year he defeated the Celtiberi, and had it not been for the arrival of his successor would have reduced the whole people to subjection. He applied for a triumph in conse¬ quence, but obtained only an ovation. (Liv.xxxviii. 35, xxxix. 21, 29.) In b. c. 183 he was one of the ambassadors sent into Gallia Transalpina, and was also appointed one of the triumvirs for found¬ ing the Latin colony of Aquileia, which was how¬ ever not founded till b. c. 181. (Liv. xxxix. 54, 55, xl. 34.) He was consul b. c. 179, (Liv. xl. 43,) with his own brother, Q. Fulvius Flaccus, which is the only instance of two brothers hold¬ ing the consulship at the same time. (Fast. Capitol.; Veil. Pat. ii. 8.) At the election of Acidinus, M. Scipio declared him to be virum bonum , egregiumque civem. (Cic. de Or. ii. 64.)

3. L. Manlius (Acidinus), who was quaestor in b. c. 168 (Liv. xlv. 13), is probably one of the two Manlii Acidini, who are mentioned two years before as illustrious youths, and of whom one was the son of M. Manlius, the other of L. Manlius. (Liv. xlii. 49.) The latter is probably the same as the quaestor, and the son of No. 2.

4. Acidinus, a young man who was going to pursue his studies at Athens at the same time as young Cicero, b. c. 45. (Cic. ad Ait. xii. 32.) He is perhaps the same Acidinus who sent intelligence to Cicero respecting the death of Marcellus. (Cic. ad Fam. iv. 12.)

ACI'LIA GENS. The family-names of this gens are Aviola, Balbus, and Glabrio, of which the last two were undoubtedly plebeian, as mem¬ bers of these families were frequently tribunes of the plebs,

ACILIA'NUS, MINU'CIUS, a friend of Pliny the younger, was bom at Brixia (Brescia), and was the son of Minucius Macrinus, who was en¬ rolled by Vespasian among those of praetorian rank. Acilianus was successively quaestor, tri¬ bune, and praetor, and at his death left Pliny Dart of his property. (Plin. Ep. i. 14, ii. 16.)

ACINDY'NUS, GREGO'RIUS ( rpgySpios ’AkIvSvvos), a Greek Monk, a. d. 1341, distin¬ guished in the controversy with the Hesychast or Quietist Monks of Mount Athos. He supported and succeeded Barlaam in his opposition to their notion that the light which appeared on the Mount of the Transfiguration was uncreated. The em¬ peror, John Cantacuzenus, took part (a. d. 1347) with Palamas, the leader of the Quietists, and ob¬ tained the condemnation of Acindynus by several councils at Constantinople, at one especially in a. d. 1351. Remains of Acindynus are, De Essentia et Operatione Dei adversus imperitiam Gregorii Palamae, fyc. in “ Variorum Pontificum ad Petrum Gnapheum Eutychianum Epistol.” p. 77, Gretser. 4to. Ingolst. 1616, and Carmen Iambi- eum de Haeresibus Palamae , “ Graeciae Ortho- doxae Scriptores,’’ by Leo. Allatius, p. 7 55, vol. i. 4to. Rom. 1652. [A. J. C.]

ACIS ('A /as), according to Ovid (Met. xiii. j

ACONTIUS. 13

750, &c.) a son of Faunus and Symaethis. He was beloved by the nymph Galatea, and Polyphe¬ mus the Cyclop, jealous of him, crushed him under a huge rock. His blood gushing forth from under the rock was changed by the nymph into the river Acis or Acinius at the foot of mount Aetna. This story does not occur any where else, and is perhaps no more than a happy fiction suggested by the manner in which the little river springs forth from under a rock. [L. S.]

ACME'NES ( AKprjves), a surname of certain nymphs worshipped at Elis, where a sacred enclo¬ sure contained their altar, together with those of other gods. (Paus. v. 15. § 4.) [L. S.]

ACMO'NIDES, one of the three Cyclopes (Ov. Fast. iv. 288), is the same as Pyracmon in Virgil (Aen. viii. 425), and as Arges in most other ac¬ counts of the Cyclopes. [L. S.]

ACOETES (’Akoltt]s), according to Ovid (Met. iii. 582, &c.) the son of a poor fisherman in Maeonia, who served as pilot in a ship. After landing at the island of Naxos, some of the sailors brought with them on board a beautiful sleeping boy, whom they had found in the island and whom they wished to take with them ; but Acoetes, who recognised in the boy the god Bacchus, dissuaded them from it, but in vain. When the ship had reached the open sea, the boy awoke, and desired to be carried back to Naxos. The sailors promised to do so, but did not keep their word. Hereupon the god showed himself to them in his own majesty : vines began to twine round the vessel, tigers ap¬ peared, and the sailors, seized with madness, jump¬ ed into the sea and perished. Acoetes alone was saved and conveyed back to Naxos, where he was initiated in the Bacchic mysteries and became a priest of the god. Hyginus (Fab. 134), whose story on the whole agrees with that of Ovid, and all the other writers who mention this adventure of Bacchus, call the crew of the ship Tyrrhenian pirates, and derive the name of the Tyrrhenian sea from them. (Comp. Horn. Hymn, in Bacch : Apol- lod. iii. 5. § 3 ; Seneca, Oed. 449.) ACOMINATUS. [Nicetas.]

ACONTES or ACONTIUS ('Akovtt]s or ’ Akovtios ), a son of Lycaon, from whom the town of Acontium in Arcadia derived its name. (Apol- lod. iii. 8. § 1 ; Steph. Byz. s. v. ’A kovtlov.) [L. S.J ACO'NTIUS (’Akovtios), a beautiful youth of the island of Ceos. On one occasion he came to Delos to celebrate the annual festival of Diana, and fell in love with Cydippe, the daughter of a noble Athenian. When he saw her sitting in the temple attending to the sacrifice she was offering, he threw before her an apple upon which he had written the words “ I swear by the sanctuary of Diana to marry Acontius.” The nurse took up the apple and handed it to Cydippe, who read aloud what was written upon it, and then threw the apple away. But the goddess had heard her vow, as Acontius had wished. After the festival was over, he went home, distracted by his love, but he waited for the result of what had happened and took no further steps. After some time, when Cydippe’s father was about to give her in marriage to another man, she was taken ill just before the nuptial solemnities were to begin, and this accident was repeated three times. Acontius, informed of the occurrence, hastened to Athens, and the Del¬ phic oracle, which was consulted by the maiden’s father, declared that Diana by the repeated illness

14 ACRATOPHORUS.

meant to punish Cydippe for her perjury. The maiden then explained the whole affair to her mo¬ ther, and the father was at last induced to give his daughter to Acontius. This story is related by Ovid ( Heroid . 20, 21 ; comp. Trist. iii. 10. 73) and Aristaenetus ( Epist . x. 10), and is also alluded to in several fragments of ancient poets, especially of Callimachus, who wrote a poem with the title Cydippe. The same story with some modifications is related by Antoninus Liberalis ( Metam . 1 ) of an Athenian Hermocrates and Ctesylla. (Comp. Cte- svlla and Buttmann, Mytholog. ii. p. 115.) [L. S.j A'CORIS (v Anopis ), king of Egypt, entered in¬ to alliance with Evagoras, king of Cyprus, against their common enemy Artaxerxes, king of Persia, about b. c. 385, and assisted Evagoras with ships and money. On the conclusion of the war with Evagoras, b. c. 376, the Persians directed their forces against Egypt. Acoris collected a large army to oppose them, and engaged many Greek mercenaries, of whom he appointed Chabrias gene¬ ral. Chabrias, however, was recalled by the Athe¬ nians on the complaint of Pharnabazus, who was appointed by Artaxerxes to conduct the war. When the Persian army entered Egypt, which was not till b. c. 37 3, Acoris was already dead. (Diod. xv. 2—4, 8, 9, 29, 41, 42; Theopom. ap. Phot. cod. 176.) Syncellus (p. 76, a. p. 257, a.) assigns thirteen years to his reign.

ACRAEA (’A Kpala). 1. A daughter of the river-god Asterion near Mycenae, who together with her sisters Euboea and Prosymna acted as nurses to Hera. A hill Acraea opposite the temple of Hera near Mycenae derived its name from her. (Paus. ii. 17. § 2.)

2. Acraea and Acraeus are also attributes given to various goddesses and gods whose temples were situated upon hills, such as Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, Pallas, Artemis, and others. (Paus. i. 1. § 3, ii. 24. § 1; Apollod. i. 9. § 28 ; Vitruv. i. 7 ; Spanheim, ad Callim. Hymn in Jov. 82.) [L. S.]

ACRAEPHEUS (‘ Anpaapevs), a son of Apollo, to whom the foundation of the Boeotian town of Acraephia was ascribed. Apollo, who was wor¬ shipped in that place, derived from it the surname of Acraephius or Acraephiaeus. (Steph. Byz. s. v. ’ AnpaKpia ; Paus. ix. 23. § 3, 40. § 2.) [L. S-J

ACRAGAS (’A Kpayas), a son of Zeus and the Oceanid Asterope, to whom the foundation of the town of Acragas (Agrigentum) in Sicily was ascribed. (Steph. Byz. s. v. ' Anpayavres .) [L. S.] ACRAGAS, an engraver, or chaser in silver, spoken of by Pliny, (xxxiii. 12. § 55.) It is not known either when or where he was bom. Pliny says that Acragas, Boethus and Mys were con¬ sidered but little inferior to Mentor, an artist of great note in the same profession ; and that works of all three were in existence in his day, preserved in different temples in the island of Rhodes. Those of Acragas, who was especially famed for his representations of hunting scenes on cups, were in the temple of Bacchus at Rhodes, and con¬ sisted of cups with figures of Bacchae and Centaurs graved on them. If the language of Pliny justifies us in inferring that the three artists whom he classes together lived at the same time, that would fix the age of Acragas in the latter part of the fifth century b. e., as Mys was a contemporary of Phidias. [C. P. M.l

ACRATO'PIIORUS (' Anparocpopos), a sur¬ name of Dionysus, by which lie was designated as

ACRON.

the giver of unmixed wine, and worshipped at Phigaleia in Arcadia. (Paus. viii. 39. § 4.) [L. S.]

ACRATO'POTES (’ AKpaToirorgs ), the drinker of unmixed wine, was a hero worshipped in Mu- ny chia in Attica. (Polemo, ap. A then. ii. p. 39.) According to Pausanias (i. 2. § 4), who calls him simply Acratus, he was one of the divine compa¬ nions of Dionysus, who was worshipped in Attica. Pausanias saw his image at Athens in the house of Polytion, where it was fixed in the wall. [L. S.]

A'CRATUS, a freedman of Nero, who was sent by Nero A. d. 64, into Asia and Achaia to plunder the temples and take away the statues of the gods. (Tac. Ann. xv. 45, xvi. 23 ; comp. Dion Chrys. Rhod. p. 644, ed. Reiske.)

ACRION, a Locrian, was a Pythagorean philo¬ sopher. (Cic. de Fin. v. 29.) He is mentioned by Valerius Maximus (viii. 7, ext. 3, from this pas¬ sage of Cicero) under the name of Avion , which is a false reading, instead of Acrion.

ACRISIONEIS, a patronymic of Danae, daugh¬ ter of Acrisius. (Virg. Aen. vii. 410.) Homer (II. xiv. 319) uses the form ’ AKpicndvg. [L. S.]

ACRISIONIADES, a patronymic of Perseus, grandson of Acrisius. (Ov. Met. v. 70.) [L. S.]

ACRI'SIUS (’ AKpicnos), a son of Abas, king of Argos and of Ocaleia. He was grandson of Lyn- ceus and great-grandson of Danaus. His twin- brother was Proetus, with whom he is said to have quarrelled even in the womb of his mother. When Abas died and Acrisius had grown up, he expelled Proetus from his inheritance ; but, supported by his father-in-law Iobates, the Lycian, Proetus re¬ turned, and Acrisius was compelled to share his kingdom with his brother by giving up to him Tiryns, while he retained Argos for himself. An oracle had declared that Danae, the daughter of Acrisius, would give birth to a son, who would kill his grandfather. For this reason he kept Danae shut up in a subterraneous apartment, or in a brazen tower. But here she became mother of Perseus, notwithstanding the precautions of her father, according to some accounts by her uncle Proetus, and according to others by Zeus, Avho visited her in the form of a shower of gold. Acri¬ sius ordered mother and child to be exposed on the wide sea in a chest ; but the chest floated towards the island of Seriphus, where both were rescued by Dictys, the brother of king Polydectes. (Apollod. ii. 2. § 1, 4. § 1 ; Paus. ii. 16. § 2, 25. § 6, iii. 13. § 6; Hygin. Fab. 63.) As to the manner in which the oracle was subsequently fulfilled in the case of Acrisius, see Perseus. According to the Scholiast on Euripides (Orest. 1087), Acrisius was the founder of the Delphic amphictyony. Strabo (ix. p. 420) believes that this amphictyony existed before the time of Acrisius, and that he was only the first who regulated the affairs of the amphictyons, fixed the towns which were to take part in the council, gave to each its vote, and set¬ tled the jurisdiction of the amphictyons. (Comp. Libanius, Orat. vol. iii. 472, ed. Reiske.) [L. S.]

ACRON, a king of the Caeninenses, whom Romulus himself slew in battle. He dedicated the arms of Acron to Jupiter Feretrius as Spolia Opima. (See Did. of Ant. p. 893.) Livy men¬ tions the circumstance without giving the name of the king. (Plut. Ron i. 16; Serv. ad. Virg. Aen. vi. 860 ; Liv. i. 10.)

ACRON (''A Kpcoi'), an eminent physician of Agrigentum, the son of Xenon. His exact date

ACROPOLITA.

is not known ; but, as he is mentioned as being contemporary with Empedocles, who died about the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, he must have lived in the fifth century before Christ. From Sicily he went to Athens, and there opened a philosophical school (^crocpLarever). It is said that he was in that city during the great plague (b. c. 430), and that large fires for the purpose of purifying the air were kindled in the streets by his direction, which proved of great service to several of the sick. (Plut. De Is. et Osir. 80 ; Oribas. Synops. vi. 24, p. 97 ; Aetius, tetrab. ii. serm. i. 94, p. 223 ; Paul Aegin. ii. 35, p. 406.) It should however be borne in mind that there is no mention of this in Thucy¬ dides (ii. 49, &c.), and, if it is true that Em¬ pedocles or Simonides (who died b. c. 467) wrote the epitaph on Acron, it may be doubted whether he was in Athens at the time of the plague. Upon his return to Agrigentum he was anxious to erect a family tomb, and applied to the senate for a spot of ground for that purpose on account of his eminence as a physician. Empe¬ docles however resisted this application as being contrary to the principle of equality, and proposed to inscribe on his tomb the following sarcastic epitaph (radacm/cov), which it is quite impossible to translate so as to preserve the paronomasia of the original :

‘'A npov hyrpov ''Anpav 'Anpayavrluov tt arpos anpov KpiJirrei Kpgpuds anpos Trarpidos aKporargs.

The second line was sometimes read thus :

5 Anporargs nopvcprjs rvgSos anpos /caTe^et.

Some persons attributed the whole epigram to Simonides. (Suid. s. v. VA npav ; Eudoc. Violar ., ap. Villoison, Anecd. Gr. i. 49 ; Diog. Laert. viii. 65.) The sect of the Empirici, in order to boast of a greater antiquity than the Dogmatici (founded by Thessalus, the son, and Polybus, the son-in-law of Hippocrates, about b.c. 400), claimed Acron as their founder (Pseudo-Gal. Introd. 4. vol. xiv. p. 683), though they did not really exist before the third century b. c. [Philinus ; Sera- pion.] Pliny falls into this anachronism. (II. N. xxix. 4.) None of A cron’s works are now extant, though he wrote several in the Doric dialect on Medical and Physical subjects, of which the titles are preserved by Suidas and Eudocia. [W. A. G.] ACRON, HELE'NIUS, a Roman grammarian, probably of the fifth century A. D., but whose pre¬ cise date is not known. He wrote notes on Ho¬ race, and also, according to some critics, the scholia which we have on Persius. The fragments which remain of the work on Horace, though much muti¬ lated, are valuable, as containing the remarks of the older commentators, Q. Terentius Scaurus and others. They were published first by A. Zarotti, Milan, 1474, and again in 1486, and have often been published since in different editions ; perhaps the best is that by Geo. Fabricius, in his ed. of Horace, Basel, 1555, Leipzig, 1571. A writer of the same name, probably the same man, wrote a commentary on Terence, which is lost, but which is referred to by the grammarian Charisius. [A. A.] ACROPOLI'TA, GEORGIUS (Tedpyios 'AKpTTo\.i7T)s ), the son of’ the great logotheta Con- stantinus Acropolita the elder, belonged to a noble Byzantine family which stood in relationship to the imperial family of the Ducas. (Acropolita, 97.) He was born at Constantinople in 1220 (lb. 39), but accompanied his father in his sixteenth year to

ACROPOLITA. 15

Nicaea, the residence of the Greek emperor John Vatatzes Ducas. There he continued and finished his studies under Theodoras Exapterigus and Ni- cephorus Blemmida. (Ib. 32.) The emperor em¬ ployed him afterwards in diplomatic affairs, and Acropolita shewed himself a very discreet and skilful negociator. In 1255 he commanded the Nicaean army in the war between Michael, des¬ pot of Epirus, and the emperor Theodore II. the son and successor of John. But he was made pri¬ soner, and was only delivered in 1260 by the me¬ diation of Michael Palaeologus. Previously to this he had been appointed great logotheta, either by John or by Theodore, whom he had instructed in logic. Meanwhile, Michael Palaeologus was proclaimed emperor of Nicaea in 1260, and in 1261 he expulsed the Latins from Constantinople, and became emperor of the whole East ; and from this moment Georgius Acropolita becomes known in the history of the eastern empire as one of the greatest diplomatists. After having discharged the function of ambassador at the court of Constantine, king of the Bulgarians, he retired for some years from public affairs, and made the instruction of youth his sole occupation. But he was soon em¬ ployed in a very important negociation. Michael, afraid of a new Latin invasion, proposed to pope Clemens IV. to reunite the Greek and the Latin Churches ; and negociations ensued which were car¬ ried on during the reign of five popes, Clemens IV. Gregory X. John XXL Nicolaus III. and Martin IV. and the happy result of which was almost en¬ tirely owing to the skill of Acropolita. As early as 1273 Acropolita was sent to pope Gregory X. and in 1274, at the Council of Lyons, he confirmed by an oath in the emperor’s name that that confession of faith which had been previously sent to Con¬ stantinople by the pope had been adopted by the Greeks. The reunion of the two churches was afterwards broken off, but not through the fault of Acropolita. In 1282 Acropolita was once more sent to Bulgaria, and shortly after his return he died, in the month of December of the same year, in his 62nd year.

Acropolita is the author of several works : the most important of which is a history of the Byzan¬ tine empire, under the title Xpovinov as iv (rvv6\f/ei rau iu varepoLS , that is, from the taking of Con¬ stantinople by the Latins in 1204, down to the year 1261, when Michael Palaeologus delivered the city from the foreign yoke. The MS. of this work was found in the library of Georgius Cantacuzenus at Constantinople, and afterwards brought to Eu¬ rope. (Fabricius, Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 768.) The first edition of this work, with a Latin translation and notes, was published by Theodorus Douza, Lugd. Batav. 1614, 8vo.; but a more critical one by Leo Allatius, who used a Vatican MS. and divided the text into chapters. It has the title Teapyiov tov ’ AnpoiToXiTOv tov geyaXov Aoyoderov XP0VU f7) <rvyypd<pri, Georgii Acropolitae , magni Logotheiae , Historic , &c. Paris, 1651. fol. This edition is re¬ printed in the “ Corpus Byzantinorum Scriptorum,” Venice, 1729, vol. xii. This chronicle contains one of the most remarkable periods of Byzantine history, but it is so short that it seems to be cnly an abridgment of another work of the same author, which is lost. Acropolita perhaps composed it with the view of giving it as a compendium to those young men whose scientific education he superintended, after his return from his first embassy to Bulgaria.

16 ACTAEON.

The history of Michael Palaeologus by Pachymeres may be considered as a continuation of the work of Acropolita. Besides this work, Acropolita wrote several orations, which he delivered in his capacity as great logotheta, and as director of the negociations with the pope ; but these orations have not been published. Fabricius (vol. vii. p. 471) speaks of a MS. which has the title Ilepl tu>v and KTiaews Kotr/JLOV ercSv Kal n epl rwu fiaaiXevcrdvTuv P*XPL abwaews KwucTTavTLVoviroXeus. Georgius, or Gre¬ gorius Cyprius, who has written a short encomium of Acropolita, calls him the Plato and the Aristotle of his time. This “encomium” is printed with a La¬ tin translation at the head of the edition of Acro¬ polita by Th. Douza : it contains useful information concerning Acropolita, although it is full of adula¬ tion. Further information is contained in Acropo¬ lita ’s history, especially in the latter part of it, and in Pachymeres, iv. 28, vi. 26, 34, seq. [W. P.] ACROREITES (’A/cpcopeirrjs), a surname of Dionysus, under which he was worshipped at Sicyon, and which is synonymous with Eriphius, under which name he was worshipped at Meta- pontum in southern Italy. (Steph. Byz. s. v. ’Aicpwpela.) [L. S.]

ACRO'TATUS ('Aupdraros). 1. The son of Cleomenes II. king of Sparta, incurred the displea¬ sure of a large party at Sparta by opposing the de¬ cree, which was to release from infamy all who had fled from the battle, in which Antipater defeated Agis, b. c. 331. He was thus glad to accept the offer of the Agrigentines, when they sent to Sparta for assistance in b. c. 314 against Agathocles of Syracuse. He first sailed to Italy, and obtained assistance from Tarentum ; but on his arrival at Agrigentuin he acted with such cruelty and tyranny that the inhabitants rose against him, and com¬ pelled him to leave the city. He returned to Sparta, and died before the death of his father, which was in b. c. 309. He left a son, Areus, who succeeded Cleomenes. (Diod. xv. 70, 71 ; Paus. i. 13. § 3, iii. 6. § 1, 2 ; Plut. Agis, 3.)

2. The grandson of the preceding, and the son of Areus I. king of Sparta. He had unlawful in¬ tercourse with Chelidonis, the young wife of Cleo- nymus, who was the uncle of his father Areus ; and it was this, together with the disappointment of not obtaining the throne, which led Cleonymus to invite Pyrrhus to Sparta, B. c. 272. Areus was then absent in Crete, and the safety of Sparta was mainly owing to the valour of Acrotatus. He suc¬ ceeded his father in b. c. 265, but was killed in the same year in battle against Arisfodemus, the tyrant of Megalopolis. Pausanias, in speaking of his death, calls him the son of Cleonymus. but he has mistaken him for his grandfather, spoken of above. (Plut. Pyrrh. 26-28 ; Agis, 3; Paus. iii. 6. § 3, viii. 27. § 8, 30. § 3.) Areus and Acrotatus are ac¬ cused by Phylarchus (ap. Athen. iv. p. 142, b.) of having corrupted the simplicity of Spartan man¬ ners.

ACTAEA (’A/c Tata), a daughter of Nereus and Doris. (Horn. II. xviii. 41 ; Apollod. i. 2. § 7; Hygin. Fab. p. 7, ed. Staveren.) [L. S.]

AC I AEON ( A/ctcuW). ]. Son of Aristaeus and Autonoe, a daughter of Cadmus. He was trained in the art of hunting by the centaur Chei- ron, and was afterwards torn to pieces by his own 50 hounds on mount Cithaeron. The names of these hounds are given by Ovid (Met. iii. 206, &c.) and Ilyginus. (Fab. 181 ; comp. Stat. Theb. ii. 203.)

ACTISANES.

The cause of this misfortune is differently stated : according to some accounts it was because he had seen Artemis while she was bathing in the vale of Gargaphia, on the discovery of which the god¬ dess changed him into a stag, in which form he was torn to pieces by his own dogs. (Ov. Met. iii. 155, &c. ; Hygin. Fab. 181; Callim. h. in Pallad. 110.) Others relate that he provoked the anger of the goddess by his boasting that he ex¬ celled her in hunting, or by his using for a feast the game which was destined as a sacrifice to her. (Eurip. Bacch. 320 ; Diod. iv. 81.) A third ac¬ count stated that he was killed by his dogs at the command of Zeus, because he sued for the hand of Semele. (Acusilaus, ap. Apollod. iii. 4. § 4.) Pau¬ sanias (ix. 2. § 3) saw near Orchomenos the rock on which Actaeon used to rest when he was fatigued by hunting, and from which he had seen Artemis in the bath ; but he is of opinion that the whole story arose from the circumstance that Actaeon was destroyed by his dogs in a natural fit of mad¬ ness. Palaephatus (s. v. Actaeon') gives an absurd and trivial explanation of it. According to the Orchomenian tradition the rock of Actaeon was haunted by his spectre, and the oracle of Delphi commanded the Orchomenians to bury the remains of the hero, which they might happen to find, and fix an iron image of him upon the rock. This image still existed in the time of Pausanias (ix. 38. § 4), and the Orchomenians offered annual sa¬ crifices to Actaeon in that place. The manner in which Actaeon and his mother were painted by Polvgnotus in the Lesche of Delphi, is described by Pausanias. (x. 30. § 2 ; comp. Muller, Orchom. p. 348, &c.)

2. A son of Melissus, and grandson of Abron, who had fled from Argos to Corinth for fear of the tyrant Pheidon. Archias, a Corinthian, enamour¬ ed with the beauty of Actaeon, . endeavoured to carry him off ; but in the struggle which ensued between Melissus and Archias, Actaeon was killed. Melissus brought his complaints forward at the Isthmian games, and praying to the gods for re¬ venge, he threw himself from a rock. Hereupon Corinth was visited by a plague and drought, and the oracle ordered the Corinthians to propi¬ tiate Poseidon, and avenge the death of Actaeon. Upon this hint Archias emigrated to Sicily, where he founded the town of Syracuse. (Plut. Amat. Narr. p. 772 ; comp. Paus. v. 7. § 2 ; Thucyd. vi.

3 ; Strab. viii. p. 380.) [L. S.]

ACTAEUS (’ Aktcuos ). A son of Erisichthon, and according to Pausanias (i. 2. § 5), the earliest king of Attica. He had three daughters, Agraulos, Herse, and Pandrosus, and was succeed¬ ed by Cecrops, who married Agraulos. Accord¬ ing to Apollodorus (iii. 14. 1.) on the other hand, Cecrops was the first king of Attica. [L. S.]

ACTE, the concubine of Nero, was a freed- woman, and originally a slave purchased from Asia Minor. Nero loved her far more than his wife Octavia, and at one time thought of marrying her; whence he pretended that she was descended from king Attalus. She survived Nero. (Tac. Ann. xiii. 12, 46, xiv. 2 ; Suet. Ncr. 28, 50 ; Dion Cass. lxi. 7.)

ACTIACUS, a surname of Apollo, derived from Actium, one of the principal places of his worship. (Ov. Met. xiii. 715; Strab. x. p. 451; compare Burmann, ad Propert. p. 434.) [L. S.]

ACTPSANES (’A KTiadvps), a king of Ethiopia,

ACTUARIUS.

who conquered Egypt and governed it with justice. He founded the city of Rhinocolura on the con¬ fines of Egypt and Syria, and was succeeded by Mendes, an Egyptian. Diodorus says that Acti- sanes conquered Egypt in the reign of Amasis, for which we ought perhaps to read Ammosis. At all events, Amasis, the contemporary of Cyrus, cannot be meant. (Diod. i. 60 ; Strab. xvi. p. 759.) ACTIUS. [Attius.]

ACTOR f' Aktqcp ). 1. A son of Deion and Diomede, the daughter of Xuthus. He was thus a brother of Asteropeia, Aenetus, Phylacus, and Cephalus, and husband of Aegina, father of Me- noetius, and grandfather of Patroclus. (Apollod.

i. 9. § 4, 16, iii. 10. § 8 ; Pind. 01. ix. 75 ; Horn. II. xi. 785, xvi. 14.)

2. A son of Phorbas and Hyrmine, and husband of Molione. He was thus a brother of Augeas, and father of Eurytus and Cteatus. (Apollod. ii. 7. § 2 ; Paus. v. 1. § 8, viii. 14. § 6.)

3. A companion of Aeneas (Virg. Aen. ix. 500),

who is probably the same who in another passage (xii. 94) is called an Auruncan, and of whose con¬ quered lance Tumus made a boast. This story seems to have given rise to the proverbial saying “ Actoris spolium” (Juv. ii. 100), for any poor spoil in general. [L. S.]

ACTO'RIDES or ACTO'RION (’A Kropl^s or ’A/cropfioi'), are patronymic forms of Actor, and are consequently given to descendants of an Actor, such as Patroclus (Ov. Met. xiii 373; Trist. i. 9. 29), Erithus (Ov. Met. v. 79 ; compare viii. 308, 371), Eurytus, and Cteatus. (Horn. II. ii. 621, xiii. 185, xi. 750, xxiii. 638.) [L. S.]

M. ACTO'RIUS NASO, seems to have writ¬ ten a life of Julius Caesar, or a history of his times, which is quoted by Suetonius. (Jul. 9, 52.) The time at which he lived is uncertain, but from the way in which he is referred to by Suetonius, he would almost seem to have been a contemporary of Caesar.

ACTUA'RTUS (’ AKrovapios), the surname by which an ancient Greek physician, whose real name was Joannes, is commonly known. His father’s name was Zacharias ; he himself practised at Constantinople, and, as it appears, with some degree of credit, as he was honoured with the title of Aduarius , a dignity frequently conferred at that court upon physicians. {Did. of Ant. p. 611,b.) Very little is known of the events of his life, and his date is rather uncertain, as some persons reckon him to have lived in the eleventh century, and others bring him down as low as the beginning of the fourteenth. He probably lived towards the end of the thirteenth century, as one of his works is dedicated to his tutor, Joseph Racendytes, who lived in the reign of Andronicus II. Palaeologus, a. d. 1281 — 1328. One of his school-fellows is supposed to have been Apocauchus, whom he de¬ scribes (though without naming him) as going upon an embassy to the north. (De Meth. Med. Praef. in i. ii. pp. 139, 169.)

One of his works is entitled, Ilepl ’Evepyeiah' Kal IlaOciv rod "*¥ v^ikov Ylvey/aaros^ Kal rrjs Kar avro AiatTTjs — u De Actionibus et Affectibus Spiritus Animalis, ejusque Nutritione.” This is a psycho¬ logical and physiological work in two books, in which all his reasoning, says Freind, seems to be founded upon the principles laid down by Aristo¬ tle, Galen, and others, with relation to the same subject. The style of this tract is by no means

ACTUARIUS. 17

impure, and has a great mixture of the old Attic in it, which is very rarely to be met with in the later Greek writers. A tolerably full abstract of it is given by Barchusen, Ilist. Medic. Dial. 1 4. p. 338, &c. It was first published, Venet. 1547, 8vo. in a Latin translation by Jul. Alexandrinus de Neustain. The first edition of the original was published, Par. 1557, 8vo. edited, without notes or preface, by Jac. Goupyl. A second Greek edi¬ tion appeared in 1774, 8vo. Lips., under the care of J. F. Fischer. Ideler has also inserted it in the first volume of his Physici et Medici Graeci Mi- nores, Berol. 8vo. 1841 ; and the first part of J. S. Bernardi Reliquiae Medico- Criticae, ed. Gruner, Jenae, 1795, 8vo. contains some Greek Scholia on the work.

Another of his extant works is entitled, ©epa- irevTucri MePoSos, “ De Methodo Medendi,” in six books, which have hitherto appeared complete only in a Latin translation, though Dietz had, before his death, collected materials for a Greek edition of this and his other works. (See his preface to Galen De Dissect. Muse.) In these books, says Freind, though he chiefly follows Galen, and very often Aetius and Paulus Aegineta without naming him, yet he makes use of whatever he finds to his pur¬ pose both in the old and modern writers, as well barbarians as Greeks ; and indeed we find in him several things that are not to be met with else¬ where. The work was written extempore, and designed for the use of Apocauchus during his embassy to the north. (Praef. i. p. 139.) A Latin translation of this work by Corn. H. Mathisius, was first published Venet. 1554, 4to. The first four books appear sometimes to have been con¬ sidered to form a complete work, of which the first and second have been inserted by Ideler in the second volume of his Phys. et Med. Gr. Alin. Berol. 1842, under the title Tlepl ALayruaews TlaOdh', “ De Morborum Dignotione,” and from which the Greek extracts in Id. Stephens’s Didionariuvi Medicum , Par. 1564, 8vo. are probably taken. The fifth and sixth books have also been taken for a separate Avork, and were published by them¬ selves, Par. 1539, 8vo. and Basil. 1540, 8vo. in a Latin translation by J. Ruellius, with the title “ De Medicamentorum Compositione.” An extract from this work is inserted in Fernel’s collection of writers De Febribus , Venet. 1576, fol.

His other extant work is ITepl Oupwv, u De Urinis,”in seven books. He has treated of this sub¬ ject very fully and distinctly, and, though he goes upon the plan which TheophilusProtospatharius had marked out, yet he has added a great deal of origi¬ nal matter. It is the most complete and systematic work on the subject that remains from antiquity, so much so that, till the chemical improvements of the last hundred years, he had left hardly anything new to be said by the moderns, many of whom, says Freind, transcribed it almost word for word. This work was first published in a Latin .transla¬ tion by Ambrose Leo, which appeared in 1519, Venet. 4to., and has been several times reprinted ; the Greek original has been published for the first time in the second volume of Ideler’s work quoted above. Two Latin editions of his collected works are said by Choulant ( Ilandbuch der Bu- cherkunde fur die Aeltere Medicin , Leipzig, 1841), to have been published in the same year, 1556, one at Paris, and the other at Lyons, both in 8vo. His three works are also inserted in the Medicae

c

1 8 ADA.

Artis Principes of H. Stephens, Par. 1567, fol. (Freind’s Hist, of Physic; Sprengel, Hist, de la Med. ; Haller, Biblioth. Medic. Prod. ; Barchusen, Hist. Medic.) [W. A. G.]

ACU'LEO occurs as a surname of C. Furius who was quaestor of L. Scipio, and was con¬ demned of peculatus. (Liv. xxxviii. 55.) Acu- leo, however, seems not to have been a regular fa¬ mily-name of the Furia gens, but only a surname given to this person, of which a similar example occurs in the following article.

C. ACULEO, a Roman knight, who married the sister of Flelvia, the mother of Cicero. He was surpassed by no one in his day in his know¬ ledge of the Roman law, and possessed great acuteness of mind, but was not distinguished for other attainments. He was a friend of L. Licinius Crassus, and was defended by him upon one oc¬ casion. The son of Aculeo was C. Visellius Varro ; whence it would appear that Aculeo was only a surname given to the father from his acuteness, and that his full name was C. Visellius Varro Aculeo. (Cic. de Or. i. 43, ii. 1, 65 ; Brut. 76.)

ACU'MENUS (’A uovyevos), a physician of Athens, who lived in the fifth century before Christ, and is mentioned as the friend and companion of Socrates. (Plat. Phaedr. init. ; Xen. Memor. iii. 13. § 2.) Fie was the father of Eryximachus, who was also a physician, and who is introduced as one of the speakers in Plato’s Symposium. (Plat. Protag. p. 315, c. ; Symp. p. 176, c.) He is also mentioned in the collection of letters first published by Leo Allatius, Paris, 1637, 4to. with the title Epist. Socratis et Socraticorum , and again by Orel- lius. Lips. 1815. 8vo. ep. 14. p. 31. [W. A. G.]

ACUSILA'US (' AKovaihaos), of Argos, one of the earlier Greek logographers {Diet, of Ant. p.575, a.), who probably lived in the latter half of the sixth century b. c. He is called the son of Cabras or Scabras, and is reckoned by some among the Seven Wise Men. Suidas (s. v.) says, that he wrote Genealogies from bronze tablets, which his father was said to have dug up in his own house. Three books of his Genealogies are quoted, which were for the most part only a translation of Hesiod into prose. (Clem. Strom, vi. p. 629, a.) Like most of the other logographers, he wrote in the Ionic dialect. Plato is the earliest writer by whom he is mentioned. (Symp. p. 178, b.) The works which bore the name of Acusilalis in a later age, were spurious, (s. v. 'Ekcltcuos MiAficnos, ' laroprjcraL , 2^77 poupw.) The fragments of Acusilaiis have been published by Sturtz, Gerae, 1787 ; 2nd ed. Lips. 1824 ; and in the “ Museum Criticum,” i. p. 216, &c. Camb. 1826.

M. ACU'TIUS, tribune of the plebs b. c. 401, was elected by the other tribunes (by co-optation) in violation of the Trebonia lex. (Liv. v. 10 ; Bid. of Ant. p. 566, a.)

ADA (vA5a), the daughter of IFecatomnus, king of Caria, and sister of Mausolus, Artemisia, Idrieus, and Pixodarus. She was married to her brother Idrieus, who succeeded Artemisia in B. c. 351 and died b. c. 344. On the' death of her husband she succeeded to the throne of Caria, but was expelled by her brother Pixodarus in B. c. 340 ; and on the death of the latter in b. c. 335 his son- in-law Orontobatcs received the satrapy of Caria from the Persian king. When Alexander entered Caria in B. c. 334, Ada, who was in possession of the fortress of Alinda, surrendered this place to

ADEIMANTUS.

him and begged leave to adopt him as her son. After taking Halicarnassus, Alexander committed the government of Caria to her. (Arrian, Anab.

i. 23 ; Diod. xvi. 42, 74 ; Strab. xiv. pp. 656, 657 ; Plut. A leer. 10.)

ADAEUS, or ADDAEUS (’A5a7osor’A55aros), a Greek epigrammatic poet, a native most pro¬ bably of Macedonia. The epithet Ma/ceSoj'os- is appended to his name before the third epigram in the Vat. MS. ( Anth . Gr. vi. 228) ; and the subjects of the second, eighth, ninth, and tenth epigrams agree with this account of his origin. He lived in the time of Alexander the Great, to whose death he alludes. (Anth. Gr. vii. 240.) The fifth epigram (Anth. Gr. vii. 305) is inscribed ’A SScuou MLTvXyvaiov, and there was a Mitylenaean of this name, who wrote two prose wroks Ilep! 5 AyaA/j.a.TOTroLtoi' and Ilepl A LaOeaeccs. (Athen. xiii. p. 606. a, xi. p. 471, f.) The time when he lived cannot be fixed with certainty. Reiske, though on insufficient grounds, believes these two to be the same person. (Anth. Graec. vi. 228, 258, vii. 51, 238, 240, 305, x. 20 ; Brunck, Anal.

ii. p. 224 ; Jacobs, xiii. p. 831.) [C. P. M.]

ADAMANTEIA. [Amaltheia.]

ADAMA'NTIUS (’A Sa/xavTios), an ancient

physician, bearing the title of latrosophista (iarpiKur Xoyoau aotpiarijs, Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 13), for the meaning of which see Did. of Ant. p. 507. Little is known of his personal history, except that' he was by birth a Jew, and that he was one of those who fled from Alexandria, at the time of the expulsion of the Jews from that city by the Patriarch St. Cyril, a. d. 415. He went to Constantinople, was persuaded to embrace Chris¬ tianity, apparently by Atticus the Patriarch of that city, and then returned to Alexandria. (Socrates, l. c.) He is the author of a Greek treatise on physiognomy, bvaioywyoviKa, in two books, which is still extant, and which is borrowed in a great measure (as he himself confesses, i. Prooem. p. 314, ed. Franz.) from Polemo’s work on the same subject. It is dedicated to Constantius, who is supposed by Fabricius (Biblioth. Graeca , vol. ii. p. 171, xiii. 34, ed. vet.) to be the person who mar¬ ried Placidia, the daughter of Theodosius the Great, and who reigned for seven months in con¬ junction with the Emperor Honorius. It was first published in Greek at Paris, 1540, 8vo., then in Greek and Latin at Basle, 1544, 8vo., and after¬ wards in Greek, together with Aelian, Polemo and some other writers, at Rome, 1545, 4to. ; the last and best edition is that by J. G. Franzius, who has insei’ted it in his collection of the Scriptores Physi- ognomiae Veteres, Gr. et Lat., Altenb. 1780, 8vo. Another of his works, Ilepi ’A vlgcou, Dc Ventis , is quoted by the Scholiast to Hesiod, and an extract from it is given by Aetius (tetrab. i. serm. 3, c. 163) ; it is said to be still in existence in manu¬ script in the Royal Library at Paris. Several of his medical prescriptions are preserved by Oriba- sius and Aetius. [W. A. G.]

ADEIMANTUS (’ASefp.avTos). 1. The son of Ocytus, the Corinthian commander in the invasion of Greece by Xerxes. Before the battle of Arte- misium he threatened to sail away, but was bribed by Themistocles to remain. He opposed Themis- tocles with great insolence in the council which the commanders held before the battle of Salamis. According to the Athenians he took to flight at the very commencement of the battle, but this

ADMETE.

was denied by the Corinthians and the other Greeks. (Herod, viii. 5, 56, 61, 94 ; Plut. Them.

no

2. The son of Leucolophides, an Athenian, was one of the commanders with Alcibiades in the ex¬ pedition against Andros, B. c. 407. (Xen. Hell. i. 4. § 21.) He was again appointed one of the Athe¬ nian generals after the battle of Arginusae, b. c. 406, and continued in office till the battle of Aegos- potami, B. c. 405, where he was one of the com¬ manders, and was taken prisoner. He was the only one of the Athenian prisoners who was not put to death, because he had opposed the decree for cutting off the right hands of the Lacedaemo¬ nians who might be taken in the battle. He was accused by many of treachery in this battle, and was afterwards impeached by Conon. (Xen. Hell. i. 7. § 1, ii. 1. § 30-32; Paus.iv. 17.§2,x.9. § 5; Dem. de fals. leg. p. 401.; Lys. e. Ale. pp. 143,21.) Aristophanes speaks of Adeimantus in the “Frogs ” (1513), which was acted in the year of the battle, as one whose death was wished for ; and he also calls him, apparently out of jest, the son of Leuco- lophus, that is, “White Crest.” In the “Prota¬ goras” of Plato, Adeimantus is also spoken of as present on that occasion (p. 315, e.).

3. The brother of Plato, who is frequently men¬ tioned by the latter. ( Apol . Socr. p. 34, a., de Rep. ii. p. 367, e. p. 548, d. e.)

ADGANDE'STRIUS, a chief of the Catti, offered to kill Arminius if the Romans would send him poison for the purpose ; but Tiberius declined the offer. (Tac. Ami. ii. 88.)

ADHERBAL (’A rapSas). 1. A Carthaginian commander in the first Punic war, who was placed over Drepana, and completely defeated the Roman consul P. Claudius in a sea-fight off Drepana, B. c. 249. (Polyb. i. 4.9—52; Diod. Ed. xxiv.)

2. A Carthaginian commander under Mago in the second Punic war, who was defeated in a sea- fight off Carteia, in Spain, by C. Laelius in b. c. 206. (Liv. xxviii. 30.)

3. The son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masi- nissa, had the kingdom of Numidia left to him by his father in conjunction with his brother Hiempsal and Jugurtha, b. c. 118. After the murder of his brother by Jugurtha, Adherbal fled to Rome and was restored to his share of the kingdom by the Romans in b. c. 117. But Adherbal was again stripped of his dominions by Jugurtha and be¬ sieged in Cirta, where he was treacherously killed by Jugurtha in b. c. 112, although he had placed himself under the protection of the Romans. (Sail. Jug. 5, 13, 14, 24, 25, 26 ; Liv. Ep. 63; Diod. Exc. xxxiv. p. 605. ed. Wess.)

ADIA'TORIX (’Adiaropi^), son of a tetrarch in Galatia, belonged to Antony’s party, and killed all the Romans in Heracleia shortly before the battle of Actium. After this battle he was led as prisoner in the triumph of Augustus, and put to death with his younger son. His elder son, Dyteutus, was subsequently made priest of the celebrated goddess in Comana. (Strab. xii. pp. 543, 558, 559 ; Cic. ad Fam. ii. 12.)

ADME'TE (’AfigriTr]). 1. A daugter of Oceanus and Thetys (Hesiod. Theog. 349), whom Hyginus in the preface to his fables calls Admeto and a daughter of Pontus and Thalassa.

2. A daughter of Eurystheus and Antimache or Admete. Heracles was obliged by her father to fetch for her the girdle of Ares, which was worn

ADMETUS. 19

by Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. (Apollod. ii. 5. § 9.) According to Tzetzes (ad Lycophr. 1327), she accompanied Heracles on this expedition. There was a tradition ( Athen. xv. p. 447), according to which Admete was originally a priestess of Hera at Argos, but fled with the image of the goddess to Samos. Pirates were engaged by the Argives to fetch the image back, but the enterprise did not succeed, for the ship when laden with the image could not be made to move. The men then took the image back to the coast of Samos and sailed away. When the Samians found it, they tied it to a tree, but Admete purified it and restored it to the temple of Samos. In commemoration of this event the Samians celebrated an annual festival called Tonea. This story seems to be an invention of the Argives, by which they intended to prove that the worship of Hera in their place was older than in Samos. [L. S.]

ADME'TUS (’'ASp.rjros), a son of Pheres, the founder and king of Pherae in Thessaly, and of Periclymene or Clymene. (Apollod. i. 8. § 2, 9. § 14.) He took part in the Calydonian chase and the ex¬ pedition of the Argonauts. (Apollod. i. 9. § 16 ; Hy- gin. Fab. 14. 173.) When he had succeeded his father as king of Pherae, he sued for the hand of Alcestis, the daughter of Pelias, who promised her to him on condition that he should come to her in a chariot drawn by lions and boars. This task Admetus performed by the assistance of Apollo, who served him according to some accounts out of attachment to him (Schol. ad Eurip. Alcest. 2 ; Callim. h. in Apoll. 46, &c.), or according to others because he was obliged to serve a mortal for one year for having slain the Cyclops. (Apollod. iii. 1 0. § 4.) On the day of his marriage with Alcestis, Admetus neglected to offer a sacrifice to Artemis, <and when in the evening he entered the bridal chamber, he found there a number of snakes rolled up in a lump. Apollo, however, reconciled Artemis to him, and at the same time induced the Moirae to grant to Admetus deliverance from death, if at the hour of his death his father, mother, or wife would die for him. Alcestis did so, but Kora, or according to others Heracles, brought her back to the upper world. (Apollod. i. 9. § 15 ; com¬ pare Alcestis.) [L. S.]

ADME'TUS (’AS/ttjtos), king of the Molos- sians in the time of Themistocles, who, when su¬ preme at Athens, had opposed him, perhaps not without insult, in some suit to the people. But when flying from the officers who were ordered to seize him as a party to the treason of Pausanias, and driven from Corcyra to Epirus, he found himself upon some emergency, with no hope of refuge but the house of Admetus. Admetus was absent ; but Phthia his queen welcomed the stranger, and bade him, as the most solemn form of supplication among the Molossians, take her son, the young prince, and sit with him in his hands upon the hearth. Admetus on his return home assured him of protection ; according to another account in Plutarch, he himself, and not Pthia enjoined the form as affording him a pretext for refusal : he, at any rate, shut his ears to all that the Athenian and Lacedaemonian commissioners, who soon after¬ wards arrived, could say ; and sent Themistocles safely to Pydna on his way to the Persian court. (Thucyd. i. 136, 137; Plut. Them. 24.) [A. H. C.] ADME'TUS (’'ASjUtjtos), a Greek epigram¬ matist, who lived in the early part of the second

c 2

20 ADONIS.

century after Christ. One line of his is preserved by Lucian. ( Demonax , 44 ; Brunch, Anal. iii. p. 21.) [C. P.M.]

ADO'NEUS (’ASwmA). 1. A surname of Bacchus, signifies the Ruler. (Auson. Epigr. xxix.

6-)

2. Adoneus is sometimes used by Latin poets for Adonis. (Plaut. Menaecli. i. 2. 35 ; Catull. xxix. 9.) [L. S.]

ADO'NIS (vA8«m), according to Apollodorus (iii. 14. § 3) a son of Cinyras and Medarme, accord¬ ing to Hesiod ( ap . Apollod. iii. 14. § 4) a son of Phoenix and Alphesiboea, and according to the cyclic poet Panyasis (ap. Apollod. 1. c.) a son of Theias, king of Assyria, who begot him by his own daughter Smyrna. (Myrrha.) The ancient story ran thus : Smyrna had neglected the wor¬ ship of Aphrodite, and was punished by the god¬ dess with an unnatural love for her father. With the assistance of her nurse she contrived to share her father’s bed without being known to him. When he discovered the crime he wished to kill her ; but she fled, and on being nearly overtaken, prayed to the gods to make her invisible. They were moved to pity and changed her into a tree called ayxipva. After the lapse of nine months the tree burst, and Adonis was bom. Aphrodite was so much charmed with the beauty of the infant, that she concealed it in a chest which she entrust¬ ed to Persephone ; but when the latter discovered the treasure she had in her keeping, she refused to give it up. The case was brought before Zeus, who decided the dispute by declaring that during four months of every year Adonis should be left to himself, during four months he should belong to Persephone, and during the remaining four to Aphrodite. Adonis however preferring to live with Aphrodite, also spent with her the four months over which he had controul. After¬ wards Adonis died of a wound which he received from a boar during the chase. Thus far the story of Adonis was related by Panyasis. Later writers furnish various alterations and additions to it. According to Hyginus (Fab. 58, 164, 251, 271), Smyrna was punished with the love for her father, because her mother Cenchreis had provoked the anger of Aphrodite by extolling the beauty of her daughter above that of the goddess. Smyrna after the discovery of her crime fled into a forest, where she was changed into a tree from which Adonis came forth, when her father split it with his sword. The dispute between Aphrodite and Per¬ sephone was according to some accounts settled by Calliope, whom Zeus appointed as mediator be¬ tween them. (Hygin. Poet. Astron. ii. 7.) Ovid (Met- x. 300, &c.) adds the following features: Myrrha’s love of her father was excited by the furies ; Lucina assisted her when she gave birth to Adonis, and the Naiads anointed him with the tears of his mother, i. e. with the fluid which trickled from the tree. Adonis grew up a most beautiful youth, and Venus loved him and shared with him the pleasures of the chase, though she always cautioned him against the wild beasts. At last he wounded a boar which killed him in its fury. According to some traditions Ares (Mars), or, according to others, Apollo assumed the form of a boar and thus killed Adonis. (Serv. ad Virg. Ed. x. 18 ; Ptolem. Hephaest. i. p. 306, ed. Gale.) A third story related that Dionysus carried off Adonis. (Phanocles ap. Plut. Sympos.

ADRASTEIA.

iv. 5.) When Aphrodite was informed of her beloved being wounded, she hastened to the spot and sprinkled nectar into his blood, from which immediately flowers sprang up. Various other modifications of the story may be read in Hyginus (Poet. Astron. ii. 7), Theocritus (Idyll, xv.), Bion (Idyll, i.), and in the scholiast on Lyco- phron. (839, &c.) From the double marriage of Aphrodite with Ares and Adonis sprang Priapus. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 9, 32.) Besides him Golgos and Beroe are likewise called children of Adonis and Aphrodite. (Schol. ad Tlutocrit. xv. 100; Nonni Dionys. xli. 155.) On his death Adonis was obliged to descend into the lower world, but he was allowed to spend six months out of every year with his beloved Aphrodite in the upper world. (Orph. hymn. 55. 10.)

The worship of Adonis, which in later times was spread over nearly all the countries round the Mediterranean, was, as the story itself sufficiently indicates, of Asiatic, or more especially of Phoeni¬ cian origin. (Lucian, de dea Syr. c. 6.) Thence it was transferred to Assyria, Egypt, Greece, and even to Italy, though of course with various mo¬ difications. In the Homeric poems no trace of it occurs, and the later Greek poets changed the original symbolic account of Adonis into a poetical story. In the Asiatic religions Aphrodite was the fructifying principle of nature, and Adonis appears to have reference to the death of nature in winter and its revival in spring— hence he spends six months in the lower and six in the upper world. His death and his return to life were celebrated in annual festivals (’A Scoria) at Byblos, Alexandria in Egypt, Athens, and other places. [L. S.]

ADRANUS ( A Sparos), a Sicilian divinity who was worshipped in all the island, but especially at Adranus, a town near Mount Aetna. (Plut. Timol. 12 ; Diodor. xiv. 37.) Hesychius ( s . v. IlaAi/cof) represents the god as the father of the Palici. According to Aelian (Hist. Anim. xi. 20), about 1000 sacred dogs were kept near his temple. Some modern critics consider this divinity to be of eastern origin, and connect the name Adranus with the Persian Adar (fire), and regard him as the same as the Phoenician Adramelech, and as a personification of the sun or of fire in general. (Bochart, Geograph. Sacra, p. 530.) [L. S.]

ADRANTUS, ARDRANTUS or ADllAS- TUS, a contemporary of Athenaeus, who wrote a commentary in five books upon the work of Theo¬ phrastus, entitled rrepl 'H6ol>v, to which he added a sixth book upon the Nicomachian Ethics of Aris¬ totle. (Athen. xv. p. 673, e. with Sehweighauser’s note. )

ADRASTEIA (’A Spaareca). 1. A Cretan nymph, daughter of Melisseus, to whom Rhea entrusted the infant Zeus to be reared in the Dic- taean grotto. In this office Adrasteia was assisted by her sister Ida and the Curetes (Apollod. i. 1. § 6 ; Callimach. hymn, in Jov. 47), whom the scholiast on Callimachus calls her brothers. Apol¬ lonius Rhodius (iii. 132, &c.) relates that she gave to the infant Zeus a beautiful globe (acpaipa) to play with, and on some Cretan coins Zeus is represented sitting upon a globe. (Spanh. ad Callim. 1. c.)

2. A surname of Nemesis, which is derived by some writers from Adrastus, who is said to have built the first sanctuary of Nemesis on the river Asopus (Strab. xiii. p. 588), and by others from

ADRASTUS.

the verb Sidpd(TK€i.v, according to which it would signify the goddess whom none can escape. (Valc- ken. ad Herod, iii. 40.) [L. S.]

ADRASTFNE. [Adrastus.]

ADRASTUS (''ASpaaros), a son of Talaus, king of Argos, and of Lysimache. (Apollod. i. 9. § 13.) Pausanias (ii. 6. § 3) calls his mother Lysianassa, and Hyginus (Fab. 69) Eurvnome. (Comp. Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen. 423.) During a feud between the most powerful houses in Argos, Talaus was slain by Amphiaraus, and Adrastus being expelled from his dominions fled to Polybus, then king of Sicyon. When Polybus died with¬ out heirs, Adrastus succeeded him on the throne of Sicyon, and during his reign he is said to have instituted the Nemean games. (Horn. II. ii. 572 ; Pind. Nem. ix. 30, &c. ; Herod, v. 6 7 ; Paus. ii. 6. § 3.) Afterwards, however, Adrastus became reconciled to Amphiaraus, gave him his sister Eri- phyle in marriage, and returned to his kingdom of Argos. During the time he reigned there it hap¬ pened that Tydeus of Calydon and Polynices of Thebes, both fugitives from their native countries, met at Argos near the palace of Adrastus, and came to words and from words to blows. On hearing the noise, Adrastus hastened to them and separated the combatants, in whom he immediately recognised the two men that had been promised to him by an oracle as the future husbands of two of his daughters ; for one bore on his shield the figure of a boar, and the other that of a lion, and the oracle was, that one of his daughters was to marry a boar and the other a lion. Adras¬ tus therefore gave his daughter Dei’pyle to Tydeus, and Argeia to Polynices, and at the same time promised to lead each of these princes back to his own country. Adrastus now prepared for wax against Thebes, although Amphiaraus foretold that all who should engage in it should perish, with the exception of Adrastus. (Apollod. iii. 6. § 1, &c. ; Hygin. Fab. 69, 70.)

Thus arose the celebrated war of the “ Seven against Thebes,” in which Adrastus was joined by six other heroes, viz. Polynices, Tydeus, Amphia¬ raus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, and Parthenopaeus. Instead of Tydeus and Polynices other legends mention Eteoclos and Mecisteus. This war ended as unfortunately as Amphiaraus had predicted, and Adrastus alone was saved by the swiftness of his horse Areion, the gift of Heracles. (Horn. II. xxiii. 346, &c. ; Paus. viii. 25. §5 ; Apollod. iii. 6.) Creon of Thebes refusing to allow the bodies of the six heroes to be buried, Adrastus went to Athens and implored the assistance of the Athe¬ nians. Theseus was persuaded to undertake an expedition against Thebes ; he took the city and delivered up the bodies of the fallen heroes to their friends for burial. (Apollod. iii. 7. § 1 ; Paus. ix. 9. § 1.)

Ten years after this Adrastus persuaded the seven sons of the heroes, who had fallen in the war against Thebes, to make a new attack upon that city, and Amphiaraus now declared that the gods approved of the undertaking, and promised success. (Paus. ix. 9. § 2; Apollod. iii. 7. § 2.) This war is celebrated in ancient story as the war of the Epigoni (’EirLyovoi). Thebes was taken and razed to the ground, after the greater part of its inhabitants had left the city on the advice of Tiresias. (Apollod. iii. 7. § 2 — 4; Herod, v. 61 ; Strab. vii. p. 325.) The only Argive hero that

ADRIANUS. 21

fell in this war, was Aegialeus, the son of Adras¬ tus. After having built a temple of Nemesis in the neighbourhood of Thebes [Adrasteia], he set out on his return home. But weighed down by old age and grief at the death of his son he died at Megara and was buried there. (Paus. i. 43. § 1.) After his death he was worshipped in several parts of Greece, as at Megara (Paus. 1. c.), at Sicyon where his memory was celebrated in tragic cho¬ ruses (Herod, v. 67), and in Attica. (Paus. i. 30. § 4.) The legends about Adrastus and the two wars against Thebes have furnished most ample materials for the epic as well as tragic poets of Greece (Paus. ix. 9. § 3), and some works of art relating to the stories about Adrastus are mentioned in Pausanias. (iii. 18. § 7, x. 10. § 2.)

From Adrastus the female patronymic Adrastine was formed. (Horn. II. v. 412.) [L. S.]

ADRASTUS (’'AdpcuTTOs), a son of the Phry¬ gian king Gordius, who had unintentionally killed his brother, and was in consequence expelled by his father aud deprived of everything. He took refuge as a suppliant at the court of king Croesus, who purified him and received him kindly. After some time he was sent out as guardian of Atys, the son of Croesus, who was to deliver the coun¬ try from a wild boar which had made great havoc all around. Adrastus had the misfortune to kill prince Atys, while he was aiming at the wild beast. Croesus pardoned the unfortunate man, as he saw in this accident the will of the gods and the fulfilment of a prophecy ; but Adrastus could not endure to live longer and killed himself on the tomb of Atys. (Herod, i. 35 — 45.) [L. S.]

ADRASTUS ('Adpaaros), of Aphrodisias, a Peripatetic philosopher, who lived in the second century after Christ, the author of a treatise on the arrangement of Aristotle’s writings and his system of philosophy, quoted by Simplicius (Prae- fat. in viii. lib. Phys .), and by Achilles Tatius (p. 82). Some commentaries of his on the Timaeus of Plato are also quoted by Porphyry (p. 270, in Harmonica Ptolemaei ), and a treatise on the Cate¬ gories of Aristotle by Galen. None of these have come down to us ; but a work on Harmonics, tt epl ' ApfjLoviK&v , is preserved, in MS., in the Vatican Library. [B. J.]

ADRIA'NUS. [Hadrianus.]

ADRIA'NUS (’A bpiavos), a Greek rhetorician born at Tyre in Phoenicia, who flourished under the emperors M. Antoninus and Commodus. He was the pupil of the celebrated Herodes Atticus, and obtained the chair of philosophy at Athens during the lifetime of his master. His advance¬ ment does not seem to have impaired their mutual regard ; Herodes declared that the unfinished speeches of his scholar were “ the fragments of a colossus,” and Adrianus showed his gratitude by a funeral oration which he pronounced over the ashes of his master. Among a people who rivalled one another in their zeal to do him honour, Adrianus did not shew much of the discretion of a philoso¬ pher. His first lecture commenced with the modest encomium on himself irakiv efc ^oiv'iKrjs y pap/aara, while in the magnificence of his dress and equipage he affected the style of the hierophant of philoso¬ phy. A story may be seen in Philostratus of his trial and acquittal for the murder of a begging sophist who had insulted him : Adrianus had re¬ torted by styling such insults d^ypara tcopewu , but his pupils were not content with weapons of

22 AEACIDES.

ridicule. The visit of M. Antoninus to Athens made him acquainted with Adrianus, whom he invited to Rome and honoured with his friendship : the emperor even condescended to set the thesis of a declamation for him. After the death of Anto¬ ninus he became the private secretary of Commodus. His death took place at Rome in the eightieth year of his age, not later than a. d. 1 92, if it be true that Commodus (who was assassinated at the end of this year) sent him a letter on his death-bed, which he is represented as kissing with devout earnestness in his last moments. (Philostr. Vit. Adrian. ; Suidas, s. v. 5 Adpiavos .) Of the works attributed to him by Suidas three declamations only are extant. These have been edited by Leo Allatius in the Eorcerpta Varia Graecorum So- phistarum ac Rhetoric, orum , Romae, 1641, and by Walz in the first volume of the Rhetores Graeci , 1 832. [B. J.]

ADRIA'NUS (’A5pmj/os), a Greek poet, who wrote an epic poem on the history of Alexander the Great, which was called * AX^avZpias. Of this poem the seventh book is mentioned (Steph. Byz. s. v. Saf'eia), but we possess only a fragment con¬ sisting of one line. (Steph. Byz. s. v. ’ Aarpaia .) Suidas (s. v. ’ Appiavds ) mentions among other poems of Arrianus one called ’A Xe^arSpids, and there can be no doubt that this is the work of Adrianus, which he by mistake attributes to his Arrianus. (Meineke, in the Ahhandl. der Berlin. Akademie , 1832, p. 124.) [L. S.]

ADRIA'NUS (’ASpiavos) flourished, according to Archbishop Usher, A. D. 433. There is extant of his, in Greek, Isagoge Sacrarum Liter arum, re¬ commended by Photius (No. 2) to beginners, edited by Dav. Hoeschel, 4to. Aug. Vindel. 1602, and among the Critici Sacri. fol. Bond. 1660. [A.J.C.]

ADU'SIUS (’A Bovcnos), according to the account of Xenophon in the Cyropaedeia, was sent by Cyrus with an army into Caria, to put an end to the feuds which existed in the country. He after¬ wards assisted Hystaspes in subduing Phrygia, and was made satrap of Caria, as the inhabitants had requested, (vii. 4. § 1, &c., viii. 6. § 7.)

AEA. [Gaea.]

AEA, a huntress who was metamorphosed by the gods into the fabulous island bearing the same name, in order to rescue her from the pursuit of Phasis, the river-god. (Val. Flacc. i. 742, v. 426.) [L. S.]

AE'ACES {aIczktis). 1. The father of Syloson and Polycrates. (Herod, iii. 39, 139, vi. 13.)

2. The son of Syloson, and the grandson of the preceding, was tyrant of Samos, but was deprived of his tyranny by Aristagoras, when the Ionians revolted from the Persians, B. c. 500. He then fled to the Persians, and induced the Samians to abandon the other Ionians in the sea-fight between the Persians and Ionians. After this battle, in which the latter were defeated, he was restored to the tyranny of Samos by the Persians, B. c. 494. (Herod, iv. 138, vi. 13, 14, 25.)

AEA'CIDES (A laKL$T]s), a patronymic from Aeacus, and given to various of his descendants, as Peleus (Ov. Met. xi. 227, &c., xii. 365; Horn. II. xvi. 15), Telamon (Ov. Met. viii. 4 ; Apollon, i. 1330), Phocus (Ov. Met. vii. 668, 798), the sons of Aeacus ; Achilles, the grandson of Aeacus (Horn. II. xi. 805; Virg. Aen. i. 99); and Pyrrhus, the great-grandson of Aeacus. (Virg. Aen. iii. 296.) [L. S.]

AEACUS.

AEA CIDES (AtWtSrjs), the son of Arymbas, king of Epirus, succeeded to the throne on the death of his cousin Alexander, who was slain in Italy. (Liv. viii. 24.) Aeacides married Phthia, the daughter of Menon of Pharsalus, by whom he had the celebrated Pyrrhus and two daughters, Deidameia and Troi'as. In B. c. 317 he assisted Polysperchon in restoring Olympias and the young Alexander, who was then only five years old, to Macedonia. In the following year he marched to the assistance of Olympias, who was hard pressed by Cassander ; but the Epirots disliked the service, rose against Aeacides, and drove him from the kingdom. Pyrrhus, who was then only two years old, was with difficulty saved from destruc¬ tion by some faithful servants. But becoming tired of the Macedonian rule, the Epirots recalled Aea¬ cides in b. c. 313 ; Cassander immediately sent an army against him under Philip, who conquered him the same year in two battles, in the last of which he was killed. (Paus. i. 1 1 ; Diod. xix. 11, 36, 74; Pint. Pyrrh. i. 2.)

AE'ACUS (Am/cos), a son of Zeus and Aegina, a daughter of the river-god Asopus. He was bom in the island of Oenone or Oenopia, whither Aegina had been carried by Zeus to secure her from the anger of her parents, and whence this island was afterwards called Aegina. (Apollod. iii. 12. § 6 ; Hygin. Fab. 52 ; Paus. ii. 29. § 2; comp. Nonn. Dionys. vi. 212; Ov. Met. vi. 113, vii. 472, &c.) According to some ac¬ counts Aeacus was a son of Zeus and Europa. Some traditions related that at the time when Aeacus was born, Aegina was not yet inhabited, and that Zeus changed the ants {pLoppyKes) of the island into men (Myrmidones) over whom Aeacus ruled, or that he made men grow up out of the earth. (Hes. Fragm. 67, ed.Gottling ; Apol¬ lod. iii. 12. § 6; Paus. 1. c.) Ovid {Met. vii. 520; comp. Hygin. Fab. 52 ; Strab. viii. p. 375), on the other hand, supposes that the island was not unin¬ habited at the time of the birth of Aeacus, and states that, in the reign of Aeacus, Hera, jealous of Aegina, ravaged the island bearing the name of the latter by sending a plague or a fearful dragon into it, by which nearly all its inhabitants were carried off, and that Zeus restored the population by changing the ants into men. These legends, as Muller justly remarks {Aeginetica), are nothing but a mythical account of the colonisation of Aegina, which seems to have been originally in¬ habited by Pelasgians, and afterwards received colonists from Phthiotis, the seat of the Myrmi¬ dones, and from Phlius on the Asopus. Aeacus while he reigned in Aegina was renowned in all Greece for his justice and piety, and was fre¬ quently called upon to settle disputes not only among men, but even among the gods themselves. (Pind. Isth. viii. 48, &c. ; Paus. i. 39. § 5.) He was such a favourite with the latter, that, when Greece was visited by a drought in consequence of a murder which had been committed (Diod. iv. 60, 61 ; Apollod. iii. 12. § 6), the oracle of Delphi declared that the calamity would not cease unless Aeacus prayed to the gods that it might ; which he accordingly did, and it ceased in consequence. Aeacus himself shewed his gratitude by erecting a temple to Zeus Panhellenius on mount Panhel- lenion (Paus. ii. 30. §4), and the Aeginetans afterwards built a sanctuary in their island called Aeaceum, which was a square place enclosed by

AEDESIA.

Avails of Avhite marble. Aeacus was believed in later times to be buried under the altar in this sacred enclosure. (Paus. ii. 29. § 6.) A legend pre¬ served in Pindar (O/. viii. 39, &c.) relates that Apollo and Poseidon took Aeacus as their assistant in building the Avails of Troy. When the Avork Avas completed, three dragons rushed against the Avail, and Avhile the tAvo of them Avhich attacked those parts of the wall built by the gods fell down dead, the third forced its Avay into the city through the part built by Aeacus. Hereupon Apollo pro¬ phesied that Troy Avould fall through the hands of the Aeacids. Aeacus Avas also believed by the Aeginetans to have surrounded their island with high cliffs to protect it against pirates. (Paus. ii. 29. § 5.) Several other incidents connected Avith the story of Aeacus are mentioned by Ovid. ( Met. vii. 506, &c., ix. 435, &c.) By Endei's Aeacus had two sons, Telamon and Peleus, and by Psamathe a son, Phocus, whom he preferred to the tivo others, Avho contrived to kill Phocus during a contest, and then fled from their native island. [Peleus ; Telamon.] After his death Aeacus became one of the three judges in Hades (Ov. Met. xiii. 25 ; Hor. Carm. ii. 13. 22), and accord¬ ing to Plato ( Gorg . p. 523 ; compare Apolog. p. 41 ; Isocrat. Evag. 5) especially for the shades of Europeans. In works of art he was represented bearing a sceptre and the keys of Hades. (Apollod. iii. 12. § 6 ; Pind. Isthm. viii. 47, &c.) Aeacus had sanctuaries both at Athens and in Aegina (Paus. ii. 29. § 6 ; Hesych. s. v.; Schol. ad Pind. Nem. xiii. 155), and the Aeginetans regarded him as the tutelary deity of their island. (Pind. Nem. viii. 22.) [L. S.]

AEAEA (A laia). 1. A surname of Medeia, derived from Aea, the country Avhere her father Aeetes ruled. (Apollon. Rhod. iii. 1135.)

2. A surname of Circe, the sister of Aeetes. (Horn. Od. ix. 32 ; Apollon. Rhod. iv. 559 ; Virg. Aen. iii. 386.) Her son Telegonus is likewise mentioned ivith this surname. ( Aeaeun , Propert. ii. 23. § 42.)

3. A surname of Calypso, Avho was believed to

have inhabited a small island of the name of Aeaea in the straits between Italy and Sicily. (Pomp. Mela, ii. 7; Propert. iii. 10. 31.) [L. S.]

AEA'N TIDES (A lavTihgs). 1. The tyrant of Lampsacus, to whom Hippias gave his daughter Archedice in marriage. (Thuc. vi. 59.)

2. A tragic poet of Alexandria, mentioned as one of the seven poets who formed the Tragic Pleiad. He lived in the time of the second Ptolemy. (Schol. ad Hephaest. p. 32, 93, ed. Paivv

AEBU'TlA GENS, contained tAvo families, the names of which are Carus and Elva. The for¬ mer was plebeian, the latter patrician ; but the gens was originally patrician. Cornicen does not seem to have been a family-name, but only a sur¬ name given to Postumus Aebutius Elva, avIio was consul in B. c. 442. This gens Avas distinguished in the early ages, but from the time of the above- mentioned Aebutius Elva, no patrician member of it held any curule office till the praetorship of M. Aebutius Elva in b. c. 17 6.

It is doubtful to which of the family P. Aebutius belonged, who disclosed to the consul the existence of the Bacchanalia at Rome, and Avas rewarded by the senate in consequence, b. c. 186. (Liv. xxxix. 9,11,19.)

AEDE'SIA(Ai6ecri/a),a female philosopher of the

AEDON. 23

new Platonic school, lived in the fifth century after Christ at Alexandria. She was a relation of Syria- nus and the ivife of Hermeias, and Avas equally celebrated for her beauty and her virtues. After the death of her husband, she devoted herself to relieving the Avants of the distressed and the edu¬ cation of her children. She accompanied the latter to Athens, Avhere they went to study philosophy, and Avas received Avith great distinction by all the philosophers there, and especially by Proclus, to Avhom she had been betrothed by Syrianus, when she was quite young. She lived to a considerable age, and her funeral oration Avas pronounced by Damascius, who Avas then a young man, in hexa¬ meter verses. The names of her sons were Am- monius and Heliodorus. (Suidas, s. v. ; Damascius, ap. Phot. cod. 242, p. 341, b. ed. Bekker.)

AEDE'SIUS (AtSecnos), a Cappadocian, called a Platonic or perhaps more correctly an Eclectic philosopher, Avho lived in the fourth century, the friend and most distinguished disciple of Iamblichus. After the death of his master the school of Syria was dispersed, and Aedesius fearing the real or fancied hostility of the Christian emperor Constan¬ tine to philosophy, took refuge in divination. An oracle in hexameter verse represented a pastoral life as his only retreat, but his disciples, perhaps calming his fears by a metaphorical interpretation, compelled him to resume his instructions. He settled at Pergamus, where he numbered among his pupils the emperor Julian. After the accession of the latter to the imperial purple he invited Aedesius to continue his instructions, but the de¬ clining strength of the sage being unequal to the task, two of his most learned disciples, Chrysanthes and Eusebius, were by his oivn desire appointed to supply his place. (Eunap. Vit. Aedes.) [B. J.]

AEDON (’AtjSo ov). 1. A daughter of Panda- reus of Ephesus. According to Homer ( Od . xix. 517, &c.) she was the wife of Zethus, king of Thebes, and the mother of Itylus. Envious of Niobe, the wife of her brother Amphion, Avho had six sons and six daughters, she formed the plan of killing the eldest of Niobe’s sons, but by mistake slew her own son Itylus. Zeus relieved her grief by changing her into a nightingale, whose melan¬ choly tunes are represented by the poet as Aedon’s lamentations about her child. (Compare Phere- cydes, Fragm. p. 138, ed. Sturz ; Apollod. iii. 5. § 5.) According to a later tradition presenmd in Antoninus Liberalis (c. 11), Aedon ivas the Avife of Polytechnus, an artist of Colophon, and boasted that she lived more happily with him than Hera with Zeus. Hera to revenge herself ordered Eris to induce Aedon to enter upon a contest with her husband. Polytechnus Avas then making a chair, and Aedon a piece of embroidery, and they agreed that Avhoever should finish the Avork first should receive from the other a female slave as the prize. When Aedon had conquered her husband, he went to her father, and pretending that his wife Avished to see her sister Chelidonis, he took her with him. On his way home he ravished her, dressed her in slave’s attire, enjoined her to observe the strictest silence, and gave her to his wife as the promised prize. After some time Chelidonis, believing herself unobserved, lamented her own fate, but she was overheard by Aedon, and the two sisters conspired against Polytechnus and killed his son Itys, whom they placed before him in a dish. Aedon fled Avith Chelidonis to her

24 AEGA.

father, who, when Polytechnus came in pursuit of his wife, had him hound, smeared with honey, and thus exposed him to the insects. Aedon now took pity upon the sufferings of her husband, and when her relations were on the point of killing her for this weakness, Zeus changed Polytechnus into a pelican, the brother of Aedon into a whoop, her father into a sea-eagle, Chelidonis into a swallow, and Aedon herself into a nightingale. This mythus seems to have originated in mere etymologies, and is of the same class as that about Philomele and Procne. [L. S.]

AEE'TES or AEE'TA (At’W), a son of Heliosand Perseis. (Apollod. i. 9. § 1 ; Hes. Tlieog. .957.) According to others his mother's name was Persa (Hygin. Praef p. 14, ed. Staveren), or Antiope. (Schol. ad Find. 01. xiii. 52.) He was a brother of Circe, Pasiphae, and Perses. (Hygin. 1. c. ; Apollod. 1. c. ; Horn. Od. x. 136, &c. ; Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 19.) He was married to Idyia, a daughter of Oceanus, by whom he had two daughters, Medeia and Chalciope, and one son, Absyrtus (Hesiod. Tlieog. 960.; Apollod. i. 9,23.). He was king of Colchis at the time when Phrixus brought thither the golden fleece. At one time he was expelled from his kingdom by his brother Perses, but was restored by his daughter Medeia. (Apollod. i. 9. § 28.) Compare Absyrtus, Ar- gonautae, Jason, and Medeia. [L. S.]

AEE'TIS, AEE'TIAS, and AEETI'NE, are patronymic forms from Aeetes, and are used by Roman poets to designate his daughter Medeia. (Ov. Met. vii. 9, 296, Heroid. vi. 103 ; Val. Flacc. viii. 233.) [L. S.]

AEGA (A’lyr]), according to Hyginus (Poet. Astr. ii. 13) a daughter of Olenus, who was a de¬ scendant of Hephaestus. Aega and her sister Helice nursed the infant Zeus in Crete, and the former was afterwards changed by the god into the constellation called Capella. According to other traditions mentioned by Hyginus, Aega was a daughter of Melisseus, king of Crete, and was chosen to suckle the infant Zeus ; but as she was found unable to do it, the service was performed by the goat Amalthea. According to others, again, Aega was a daughter of Helios and of such dazzling brightness, that the Titans in their attack upon Olympus became frightened and requested their mother Gaea to conceal her in the earth. She was accordingly confined in a cave in Crete, where she became the nurse of Zeus. In the fight with the Titans Zeus was commanded by an oracle to cover himself with her skin (aegis). He obeyed the command and raised Aega among the stars. Similar, though somewhat different accounts, were given by Euemerus and others. (Eratosth. Catast. 13 ; Antonin. Lib. 36 ; Lactant. Instit. i. 22. § 19.) It is clear that in some of these stories Aegia is regarded as a nymph, and in others as a goat, though the two ideas are not kept clearly distinct from each other. Her name is either connected with af£, which signifies a goat, or with cu£, a gale of wind ; and this circumstance has led some critics to consider the myth about her as made up of two distinct ones, one being of an astronomical nature and derived from the constellation Capella, the rise of which brings storms and tempests (A rat. Pham. 150), and the other referring to the goat which was believed to have suckled the infant Zeus in Crete. (Compare Buttmann in Meier's Ursprung und Bedeutung dev Slernnamen , p. 309 ; Bbttiger,

AEGERIA.

Amalthea , i. p. 16, &c. ; Creuzer, Symbol, iv. p. 458 &c.) [L. S.]